• DAY2SVR: Nws Storm Prediction Center Norman Ok

    From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jun 10 17:48:22 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 101748
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 101746

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1246 PM CDT Tue Jun 10 2025

    Valid 111200Z - 121200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS TEXAS
    INTO LOUISIANA...THE UPPER MIDWEST/CORN BELT...AND NORTHERN
    ROCKIES/HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms are possible Wednesday over parts of
    the Northern Rockies and northern High Plains, the Upper
    Midwest/Corn Belt, as well as Texas to western Louisiana.

    ...Central to southern Texas...
    Ahead of a weak mid-level trough, moderate instability should
    develop over much of central into eastern/southern Texas with a
    moist surface air mass beneath seasonably cool mid-level
    temperatures. However, specifics are complicated by the potential of
    lingering early-day convection and outflows. Some guidance would
    suggest that convection/MCV-related enhancement to the flow field
    may occur and linger much of the day, a scenario in which a Slight
    Risk could be warranted into the Day 1 time frame pending corridors
    of more certain destabilization across central/east Texas. This flow enhancement could influence the potential for supercells and
    possibly a tornado risk within a moist environment. Scattered
    storms, including some clusters, can otherwise be expected with hail
    and wind possible.

    ...Upper Midwest/Corn Belt...
    A west/east-oriented stationary front will exist across this region,
    with strong heating aiding moderate to locally strong
    destabilization along and south of the boundary. The glancing
    influence of a shortwave trough may contribute to storm development
    as the boundary layer otherwise destabilizes Wednesday afternoon.
    Effective shear of 30-35 kt should generally exist near the front,
    potentially allowing for a few supercells and more prevalent
    multicells. Scattered storms producing hail/damaging wind appear
    most probable during the late afternoon and evening, progressing
    eastward out of Iowa toward the Illinois/Wisconsin border vicinity.
    A relatively narrow/confined Slight Risk could ultimately be
    warranted in the Day 1 time frame.

    ...Northern Rockies to Northern High Plains...
    Storms are expected to develop relatively early in the day from
    eastern Oregon across Idaho as a shortwave trough moves over the
    region. Scattered storms will develop and spread quickly eastward
    into parts of Wyoming and Montana, with areas of strong outflow
    expected. Scattered severe gusts may occur. Overall deep-layer shear
    appears most favorable from southern Idaho into western Wyoming,
    resulting in a few cells capable of hail as well as strong wind
    gusts. Additional severe storm development is expected by Wednesday
    late afternoon/early evening into the northern High Plains including
    near/east of the Big Horns.

    ..Guyer.. 06/10/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jun 11 05:58:44 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 110558
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 110557

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1257 AM CDT Wed Jun 11 2025

    Valid 121200Z - 131200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PARTS OF
    THE NORTHERN PLAINS AND TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Widely scattered strong to severe storms are expected Thursday
    across parts of the central to northern Plains and Upper Midwest.
    Isolated strong to severe storms may also occur over parts of Texas.

    ...Synopsis...
    The stronger flow aloft will remain over northern portions of the
    CONUS on Thursday, with a low-amplitude wave moving across the
    northern Plains. South of there, a weak upper low will move from TX
    toward the lower to middle MS Valley late.

    At the surface, a boundary will stretch roughly from SD eastward to
    the Mid Atlantic, with a large area of mid to upper 60s F across
    much of the plains and Midwest. A weak is forecast over southwest
    NE, with an inverted trough extending northeastward toward southern
    MN.

    ...Northern Plains...
    Early day rain/thunderstorms will shift north across eastern SD and
    southern MN during the day in a zone of warm advection, with air
    mass recovery to the southwest across NE and western KS/eastern CO.
    Strong heating and southeast surface winds will yield storms moving
    off the Front Range, with locally strong gusts or marginal hail.
    Robust convection will form within the surface trough over NE,
    extending into southeast SD/western IA/southwest MN as well, with
    more of a variety of storms expected. Both damaging winds and hail
    are expected. Shear will be marginal but an MCS cannot be ruled out
    overnight.

    ...Much of southern/central/eastern TX...
    Substantial moisture and instability will again develop with 70s F
    dewpoints and cool temperatures aloft. Clusters of storms are likely
    to be ongoing roughly along or east of I-35 much of the day, and
    areas of strong wind gusts may occur. West of there, stronger
    heating will occur over southwest TX. Shear will be weak but
    multicellular convection capable of marginal hail or localized
    downbursts may occur.

    ..Jewell.. 06/11/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jun 11 17:36:21 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 111736
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 111734

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1234 PM CDT Wed Jun 11 2025

    Valid 121200Z - 131200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PARTS OF THE CENTRAL/NORTHERN PLAINS AND UPPER MIDWEST...AND ALSO FROM TX INTO
    THE LOWER MS VALLEY...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Widely scattered strong to severe storms are expected Thursday
    across parts of the central to northern Plains and Upper Midwest.
    Isolated strong to severe storms may also occur over parts of Texas
    into the lower Mississippi Valley.

    ...Synopsis...
    A low-amplitude mid/upper-level shortwave trough will move across
    the northern Plains into the Upper Midwest on Thursday. A deeper
    upstream shortwave trough will begin to influence the Pacific
    Northwest. A weak mid/upper-level low is forecast to drift
    north-northeastward across eastern portions of the southern Plains.


    At the surface, a lee cyclone may gradually deepen during the day
    across the central High Plains, while a weak frontal wave is
    forecast to develop and move eastward from southern SD into
    southwest MN.

    ...Eastern SD/southern MN into northeast NE/northern IA...
    Elevated convection and possibly a MCV/remnant MCS may move across
    parts of the Dakotas into MN during the morning. In the wake of the
    morning convection, an outflow-influenced surface front is forecast
    to move northward across northern NE/IA into parts of eastern SD and
    southern MN. While deep-layer flow will be relatively modest, a
    localized zone of conditional supercell potential could eventually
    evolve near and just north of the front, where increasing low-level
    moisture will support moderate buoyancy and surface winds will be
    favorably backed.

    If any supercells can develop within this regime, then hail,
    damaging winds, and perhaps a tornado would all be possible. With
    the primary shortwave trough generally forecast to dampen with time
    and be displaced somewhat north of the more favorable environment,
    coverage of diurnal supercell development (if any) is uncertain.
    Greater severe probabilities may eventually be needed if confidence
    in this scenario increases. Otherwise, storm coverage may generally
    increase north of the front from late afternoon into the evening
    within a low-level warm-advection regime, with some clustering
    possible as convection spreads across southern MN Thursday night.

    ...Parts of the central/northern High Plains...
    High-based convection is expected to develop Thursday afternoon
    across parts of northeast CO/eastern WY. Deep-layer flow will be
    rather weak, but modestly veering wind profiles and sufficient
    buoyancy could support localized hail and strong to severe gusts
    with initial development. With time, an outflow-driven cluster could
    spread into the NE Panhandle, with potentially a somewhat greater
    concentration of strong/severe gusts.

    ...Southern/central/east TX into the ArkLaMiss region...
    Extensive convection will likely be ongoing Thursday morning across
    parts of central/east TX. Rich low-level moisture, moderate
    buoyancy, and modestly enhanced low/midlevel flow could support at
    least an isolated threat for a tornado, locally damaging gusts, and
    perhaps some hail with the morning convection.

    Storm evolution during the day is uncertain, but in general, an arc
    of convection may spread northeastward toward the ArkLaTex/ArkLaMiss
    vicinities during the afternoon, in conjunction with the primary mid/upper-level low or any MCVs that develop. Locally damaging wind
    and possibly a tornado could accompany the storms within this
    regime.

    Some redevelopment is also possible along the trailing outflow
    during the afternoon and evening into south-central TX, with a
    threat of localized hail and wind-damage.

    ...Western/central PA into the northern Mid Atlantic...
    Moderate destabilization is expected Thursday afternoon from parts
    of western/central PA into the northern Mid Atlantic, along and
    south of a cold front. This region will be on the southern periphery
    of stronger west-northwesterly flow aloft, and with sufficient
    deep-layer shear for organized convection. However, with large-scale
    ascent generally displaced well to the north and very weak
    convergence expected along the front, potential for sustained deep
    convection currently appears limited. Severe probabilities may be
    needed if a stronger signal for robust development emerges with
    time.

    ..Dean.. 06/11/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jun 12 05:19:31 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 120519
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 120518

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1218 AM CDT Thu Jun 12 2025

    Valid 131200Z - 141200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM SOUTHERN
    MONTANA INTO MUCH OF THE CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe storms may occur Friday from Montana into the
    central Plains, with hail and corridors of damaging winds possible.

    ...Synopsis...
    A shortwave trough will move across the Pacific Northwest during the
    day and into the northern Rockies late, with an upper ridge building
    from northern Mexico into AZ/NM. Meanwhile, modest westerly flow
    aloft will exist over the Northeast as a weak disturbance moves
    across AR/MO and into the mid MS/Lower OH Valleys.

    At the surface, low pressure will exist across the Great Basin with
    a southwest flow regime south of the upper trough, with a lee trough
    along the length of the High Plains. Increasing boundary layer
    theta-e will spread into the High Plains via southeast winds,
    resulting in an elongated area of scattered severe storm potential
    during the afternoon and evening.

    ...MT into the central High Plains...
    Strong heating will occur over much of west-central/southwest MT,
    and extending into WY CO and NM, as well as western NE/KS/TX-OK
    Panhandles, resulting in steep lapse rates. Meanwhile, southeast
    surface winds will bring moisture northwestward into the High
    Plains, with a large area of moderate instability developing.

    Storms are expected to form by 21Z over western MT, with additional
    storms into eastern WY/northeast CO. These will likely produce hail
    and areas of damaging wind. Other isolated storms are likely all the
    way south into eastern NM/western TX.

    Elsewhere, strong instability and ample moisture may result in
    scattered strong storms over much of MO, AR, LA, MS and vicinity,
    though the likelihood of ongoing early storms and outflows results
    in low predictability at this time. Locally strong gusts may occur.

    ..Jewell.. 06/12/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jun 12 17:30:29 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 121730
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 121728

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1228 PM CDT Thu Jun 12 2025

    Valid 131200Z - 141200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM SOUTHERN
    MONTANA INTO MUCH OF THE CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe storms may occur Friday from Montana into the
    central Plains, with hail and corridors of damaging winds possible.

    ...Synopsis...
    A weak shortwave trough will move through the Ozarks into the mid
    Mississippi Valley region on Friday. This feature will likely lose
    amplitude with time. Farther west, a stronger shortwave trough will
    move into the northern Rockies by late afternoon/evening while
    surface ridging will build into the Southwest and southern High
    Plains.

    ...Montana into the central High Plains...
    Strong surface heating and a lee trough promoting moisture influx
    into these regions will lead to an elongated region of greater
    confidence in severe storm coverage from Montana into the northern
    Texas Panhandle. With the trough approaching the northern Rockies,
    the highest storm coverage will likely be in Montana into parts of
    Wyoming. Effective shear in these areas (particularly near the Big
    Horns) will range from 45-55 kts. Large hail, including some
    potential for stones around 2 inches in diameter, and severe wind
    gusts are probable. Farther to the south, storm coverage will
    gradually become more limited, especially away from terrain
    initiation sources. Even so, clusters of initial supercells or small
    linear segments will pose some risk for large hail and severe wind
    gusts as well.

    ...Mid-Atlantic...
    Along the southern fringe of stronger mid-level flow, a few storms
    are possible along a weak surface boundary near the
    Maryland/Pennsylvania border. Some model guidance shows a weak
    shortwave perturbation moving into the region, but timing and
    strength of the feature are variable. Mid-level lapse rates are
    expected to be weak and buoyancy will largely depend on surface
    heating. Given the uncertainty in cloud cover, it appears any severe
    will be conditional. A few stronger storms are possible and trends
    in guidance will be monitored with regard to areas of sufficient
    surface heating.

    ...Southeast/Mid-South/Lower Ohio Valley...
    Scattered thunderstorms are likely near and ahead of the weak
    upper-level shortwave trough that will be slowly lifting northeast
    through the Ozarks. Areas of precipitation and cloud cover are
    likely during the morning/afternoon. This increases the uncertainty
    as to where the greatest amount of destabilization will occur. Some
    modest flow enhancement appears probable for the Mid-South/lower
    Ohio Valley vicinity, though mid-level winds will weaken through the
    day. Greater buoyancy is expected in Mississippi, but deep-layer
    shear will be much weaker. There is certainly potential for isolated
    wind damage from the stronger storms tomorrow afternoon, but
    confidence in highlighting an area of greater coverage of organized
    severe storms is low at this point.

    ..Wendt.. 06/12/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jun 13 06:00:01 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 130559
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 130558

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1258 AM CDT Fri Jun 13 2025

    Valid 141200Z - 151200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE CENTRAL AND NORTHERN HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe storms capable of large hail and isolated damaging
    wind gusts will be possible across parts of the central and northern
    High Plains Saturday afternoon and evening. Marginally severe storms
    will also be possible in parts of southern and central Plains.

    ...Central and Northern High Plains...
    A mid-level ridge will move eastward across the north-central U.S.
    on Saturday. In the wake of the ridge, a subtle shortwave trough
    will move into the central and northern High Plains. At the surface,
    a moist airmass will be present across much of the Great Plains.
    Upslope flow will be in place over the central and northern High
    Plains, where a pocket of moderate to strong instability is forecast
    to develop Saturday afternoon. As surface temperatures warm during
    the day, convection will first initiate in the higher terrain from
    east-central Montana southeastward to the Black Hills. From this
    convection, scattered thunderstorms are expected to develop and move
    eastward into the lower elevations of the central and northern High
    Plains.

    An impressive thermodynamic environment is forecast to be in place
    by Saturday afternoon from northeast Wyoming into western Nebraska,
    where model forecasts suggest MLCAPE could peak around 4000 J/kg.
    Near the instability maximum, 700-500 mb lapse rates are forecast to
    be near 8 C/km. In spite of this, forecast soundings in the central
    and northern High Plains have a capping inversion in place during
    the afternoon. This should keep the initial convective development
    confined to the higher terrain of southeast Montana, northeast
    Wyoming and southwestern South Dakota. Forecasts soundings late
    Saturday afternoon in this area mostly have 0-6 km shear in the 30
    to 40 knot range, mainly due to mid-level speed shear. The shear,
    combined with the moderate to strong instability, will likely
    support a severe threat. Supercells should be capable of isolated
    large hail and severe wind gusts. The threat is expected to persist
    into the mid to late evening, as low-level flow increases.

    ...Southern and Central Plains...
    A mid-level ridge will move eastward across the Great Plains on
    Saturday. At the surface, a moist airmass will be located across
    much of the southern and central Plains. As surface temperatures
    warm during the day, moderate instability is forecast to develop
    throughout much of this airmass. Due to the presence of the ridge,
    large-scale ascent will remain weak in most areas. In spite of this,
    isolated thunderstorms may still develop in areas where low-level
    convergence and surface heating are maximized, and further west in
    the higher terrain of the central and southern High Plains. Forecast
    soundings late Saturday afternoon across the southern and central
    Plains generally have large surface-temperature dewpoint spreads
    with steep lapse rates. This environment will also have sufficient
    deep-layer shear for isolated severe storms. Hail and marginally
    severe wind gusts are expected to be the primary threats.

    ..Broyles.. 06/13/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jun 13 17:33:38 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 131732
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 131730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Fri Jun 13 2025

    Valid 141200Z - 151200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM CENTRAL
    MONTANA INTO THE CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe storms capable of large hail and damaging wind
    gusts will be possible across parts of the central and northern High
    Plains Saturday afternoon and evening. Additional severe storms will
    also be possible in parts of southern and central Plains.

    ...Synopsis...
    The upper-level trough in the eastern U.S. will weaken during the
    day on Saturday. Ridging will become more prevalent within the
    Plains and Southwest. Within the Northwest and northern Rockies,
    troughing will remain in place. A moist airmass will be in place
    underneath the upper ridge and will continue to move north and
    westward given the presence of lee troughing.

    ...Montana into central High Plains...
    With the upper-level trough remaining situated within the
    Northwest/eastern Pacific, moderate mid-level winds and surface
    troughing will remain in these regions. Moisture should continue to
    advect into the High Plains/central Montana. Effective shear of
    40-55 kts will again support supercell development/maintenance at
    least early in the convective cycle. Large to very large hail and
    severe winds will be possible. One or more clusters may also evolve
    through the afternoon and into the evening. With the low-level jet
    focusing into Nebraska/South Dakota, clusters could persist a bit
    farther east in these locations. Severe gusts would be the primary
    threat with that activity.

    ...Central/southern Plains...
    The overall evolution of convection is less certain in these areas.
    Some guidance continues to show some potential for activity from
    overnight Friday to continue into Saturday. Whether this activity
    could reinvigorate as the very moist airmass destabilizes during the
    day is not clear. With shear decreasing with eastward extent, such a
    scenario would largely be dependent on mesoscale cold pool dynamics.
    For now, marginal severe wind probabilities will be maintained over
    much of Kansas/Oklahoma in order to account for this conditional
    outcome.

    Storms are more likely to initiate within the higher terrain or
    surface lee trough during the afternoon. However, weaker mid-level
    ascent with southern extent suggests storm coverage will be more
    isolated in the southern High Plains/Trans-Pecos/Big Bend. Isolated
    severe gusts and large hail are possible with these cells/clusters.

    ...Eastern South Dakota/far western Minnesota...
    A modest increase in the low-level jet during the evening/overnight
    may promote widely scattered to scattered storms along a boundary.
    Marginal deep-layer shear and steep mid-level lapse rates would
    support some risk for marginally severe hail.

    ...Southeast into Mid-Atlantic...
    A nebulous upper-level trough will continue to slowly progress east.
    This feature will likely weaken with time. The moist airmass across
    these areas may support pockets of larger MLCAPE (from around 1500
    J/kg farther east, increasing to near 3000 farther west). With poor
    lapse rates, ongoing precipitation/cloud cover, and weak mid-level
    winds, organized severe storms do not appear likely. Isolated wind
    damage may occur where locally greater surface heating occurs.

    ..Wendt.. 06/13/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jun 14 05:58:18 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 140556
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 140555

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1255 AM CDT Sat Jun 14 2025

    Valid 151200Z - 161200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE NORTHERN AND CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe storms, capable of large hail and severe wind
    gusts, are expected on Sunday in parts of the northern and central
    High Plains. Additional strong to severe storms are possible in
    parts of North Carolina and Virginia.

    ...Central and Northern Plains...
    A mid-level ridge will remain in place across the High Plains on
    Sunday, as a subtle shortwave trough moves into the central and
    northern Rockies. At the surface, a low is forecast to deepen over
    Wyoming as upslope easterly flow remains in place across much of the
    central and northern Plains. Across the moist airmass, surface
    dewpoints will be mostly in the 60s F, which will contribute to the
    development of moderate to strong instability by afternoon.
    Convection is expected to initiate in the higher terrain of the
    northern High Plains, with storms moving eastward into the lower
    elevations during the mid to late afternoon. Large-scale ascent
    should remain relatively weak, favoring discrete modes.

    Forecast soundings near the instability axis at 21z have 0-6 km
    shear around 40 knots which will support supercell development. In
    addition to the shear, 700-500 mb lapse rates are forecast to be
    very steep in the 8 to 9 C/km range. This will be favorable for
    large hail with supercells. Hailstones greater than 2 inches in
    diameter will be possible within the more intense cores. A
    wind-damage threat is also expected to develop. Low-level flow will
    increase during the early evening, which will help maintain a severe
    threat.

    Further to the east into parts of the mid Missouri Valley, and
    southward into the southern Plains, convective coverage is expected
    to remain very isolated due to warm air aloft and the presence of
    the mid-level ridge. In spite of this, some convection will be
    possible as low-level convergence increases during the day along
    pre-existing outflow boundaries. Mid-level directional shear is
    evident on forecast soundings. This could be sufficient for some
    cell organization and a severe threat. Hail and strong wind gusts
    would be possible.

    ...Northern North Carolina/Southern Virginia...
    A subtle mid-level shortwave trough is forecast to move into the
    southern and central Appalachians on Sunday. At the surface, a lee
    low is forecast to develop over central North Carolina. Surface
    dewpoints will be in the upper 60 to mid 70s F from the Appalachian
    foothills to the North Carolina and Virginia coasts. Topographic
    forcing in the Appalachians and large-scale ascent ahead of the
    approaching trough will support scattered convective initiation
    around midday. These storms will move eastward into the lower
    elevations during the afternoon. As low-level lapse rates become
    steep in the mid to late afternoon, a few marginally severe wind
    gusts will be possible with the stronger multicells.

    ..Broyles.. 06/14/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jun 14 17:27:57 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 141726
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 141724

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1224 PM CDT Sat Jun 14 2025

    Valid 151200Z - 161200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE NORTHERN AND CENTRAL PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe storms, capable of large hail and severe wind
    gusts, are expected on Sunday in parts of the northern and central
    High Plains. Additional strong to severe storms are possible in
    parts of North Carolina and Virginia.

    ...Synopsis...
    An upper-level high will remain in place across the central/northern
    Plains into the northern Rockies on D2/Sunday. Westerly flow aloft
    will move across the ridge, with a few shortwave impulses rotating
    through the flow. Afternoon thunderstorm development is expected
    from the Northern Rockies southward across the dryline in the
    central high Plains. A surface low is expected to deepen across
    Wyoming through the period, lifting northward across the Dakotas.

    ...Central and Northern Plains...
    As the surface low across Wyoming deepens, east to southeasterly
    flow will continue across the central and northern Plains. Dew
    points in the low to mid 60s will be common, allowing for strong to
    moderate instability to develop by the afternoon. Upslope flow
    across the northern Rockies and forcing for ascent with shortwaves
    rounding the ridge will allow for scattered thunderstorm development
    across the high terrain spreading into the lower elevations through
    the later afternoon/evening. Generally straight hodograph profiles
    will support initial supercell modes before clustering and upscale
    growth occurs into the late afternoon. Given steep lapse rates and
    ample deep layer shear, large to very large hail (some 2-3"+) will
    be possible.

    As the surface low deepens into the afternoon, mass response will
    occur with an increase in a southerly low-level jet into the western
    Dakotas. CAM guidance shows some uncertainty in evolution of storms
    as they move eastward out of Montana. There is consistent signal
    that an MCS will travel eastward across some portions of the
    Dakotas, with potential for strong to significant winds (60-75+
    mph). Should a more favorable corridor become established, an
    upgrade to higher probabilities may be needed.

    ...Southern/South-Central Plains into the Missouri Valley...
    An MCS will likely be ongoing across portions of Oklahoma into
    northern Texas early in the period. Residual outflow in association
    with this will set up across portion of north-central Texas into
    Missouri. Convective re-development may be somewhat inhibited due to
    warm air aloft and the presence of the mid-level ridge. In spite of
    this, some convection will be possible as low-level convergence
    increases during the day along pre-existing outflow boundaries.
    Mid-level directional shear is evident on forecast soundings. This
    could be sufficient for some cell organization and a severe threat.
    Hail and strong wind gusts would be possible.

    ...Northern North Carolina/Southern Virginia...
    A subtle mid-level shortwave trough is forecast to move into the
    southern and central Appalachians on Sunday. At the surface, a lee
    low is forecast to develop over central North Carolina. Scattered
    thunderstorm activity is expected to develop by the afternoon across
    northern North Carolina into southern Virginia. Sufficient deep
    layer and instability will allow for a few instances of severe wind
    and hail within stronger cores.

    ..Thornton.. 06/14/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jun 15 06:04:47 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 150603
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 150602

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0102 AM CDT Sun Jun 15 2025

    Valid 161200Z - 171200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA...MINNESOTA AND NORTHWESTERN WISCONSIN...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe storms with large to very large hail and wind
    damage are expected on Monday from the north-central High Plains
    northeastward into the upper Mississippi Valley. Outside of this
    area, marginally severe storms will be possible across much of the
    central and northern U.S.

    ...Minnesota/Wisconsin/South Dakota/Iowa/Nebraska...
    A mid-level shortwave trough will move eastward across the Dakotas
    on Monday, as an associated 45 to 60 knot mid-level jet translates
    eastward through the system. At the surface, a cold front will
    advance southward through the northern Plains. Convection will
    initially develop near the front across the Dakotas during the late
    morning, moving eastward into central and northern Minnesota during
    the afternoon. This activity will likely have an isolated severe
    threat. To the south of the front, surface dewpoints from the mid
    60s to the low 70s F will contribute to moderate to strong
    instability by afternoon. Convective initiation further to the south
    across parts of southeastern South Dakota and south-central
    Minnesota should hold off until late afternoon when low-level
    convergence along the front is expected to become maximized.
    Scattered severe thunderstorms will likely develop near and to the
    south of the front, moving eastward into the upper Mississippi
    Valley from late afternoon into the evening.

    NAM forecast soundings along and near the instability axis late
    Monday afternoon have MLCAPE peaking in the 2500 to 3500 J/kg range,
    with 0-6 km shear near 50 knots. This, combined with 700-500 mb
    lapse rates of 7.5 to 8.5 C/km, will be favorable for supercells
    with large hail. Mid-level lapse rates and instability is forecast
    to be greatest from far northeast Nebraska into southeast South
    Dakota and south-central Minnesota, where supercells could produce
    hailstones greater than 2 inches in diameter. The greatest severe
    threat coverage is expected from far eastern South Dakota into
    southwest and central Minnesota, where large-scale ascent will be
    enhanced by the exit region of the mid-level jet. This area will
    also have a strong low-level jet response, which is forecast to
    increase 0-3 km storm-relative helicity into the 250 to 350 m2/s2
    range by early evening. As a result, a tornado threat is also
    expected. Wind damage will also be possible with supercells and
    short bowing line segments.

    ...Kansas/Oklahoma...
    A very moist and unstable airmass will be in place across much of
    the southern and central Plains on Monday. Surface dewpoints will be
    in the mid 60s to the lower 70s F. As surface temperatures warm
    during the day, MLCAPE is forecast to increase into the 3000 to 4000
    J/kg range. Within this unstable airmass, a substantial amount of
    low to mid-level directional shear is forecast. This will support an
    isolated severe threat with any cells that can overcome the warm air
    aloft. The greatest potential for isolated severe storms should be
    along any pre-existing boundaries, mainly during the late afternoon
    and early evening.

    ...Northern Rockies/North Dakota...
    A post-frontal airmass will be in place from the northern Rockies
    eastward into North Dakota. Surface dewpoints in the 50s F will
    contribute to moderate instability over much of the region by
    afternoon. Scattered thunderstorms appear likely to develop in the
    higher terrain of the northern Rockies and northern High Plains as
    surface temperatures warm during the day. Due to a lack of
    large-scale ascent, convective coverage should remain isolated.
    Deep-layer shear is forecast to be strong enough for isolated severe
    storms. Hail and strong wind gusts will be the primary threats.

    ..Broyles.. 06/15/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jun 15 17:38:51 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 151738
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 151736

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1236 PM CDT Sun Jun 15 2025

    Valid 161200Z - 171200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PARTS OF
    MINNESOTA INTO NEBRASKA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe storms with areas of damaging winds and hail are
    forecast on Monday from the north-central High Plains into the upper Mississippi Valley.

    ...Synopsis...
    An early shortwave trough associated with an MCS will move east out
    of ND across northern MN during the day, with modest westerlies
    aloft behind it over the central Plains to northern Rockies. Height
    falls will occur behind the northern wave as it breaks down the
    antecedent ridge. Midlevel temperatures will generally be cool with
    around -10 C at 500 mb.

    At the surface, a trough will exist from northern MN near the
    convective system southwestward across NE. Sufficient moisture will
    exist behind this boundary across MT and WY for afternoon storms,
    with a nocturnal low-level jet aiding overnight development further
    across much of NE.

    ...MN/IA/SD...
    An MCS is likely to be ongoing Monday morning from ND into northern
    MN, with associated midlevel wave. As this feature continues east
    during the day, a conditional threat of supercells will develop
    along the southern periphery, even if only an MCV by afternoon.
    Here, a low-level lapse rate plume will develop out of the
    southwest. A couple tornadoes may occur along with large hail.
    Additional isolated cells will be possible trailing southwestward
    across southern MN, northern IA, and perhaps southeast SD and
    northeast NE. In favor of large hail potential will be strong
    instability with > 3000 J/kg MUCAPE, however, deep-layer shear
    appears less than optimal, suggesting more of a localized sig hail
    threat. Otherwise, enhanced low-level shear near along the southern
    periphery of the MCS/MCV influence may yield tornado potential.

    ...MT/WY/NE...
    Strong heating and gradual cooling aloft will steepen lapse rates
    and favor scattered cells capable of hail and wind from southern MT
    across much of eastern WY during the afternoon. Additional cells may
    develop over the Black Hills. With time, an MCS is likely to
    develop, with strong to severe gusts over much of western into
    central NE. A deep boundary layer and hot temperatures preceding the
    MCS will likely aid evaporation/downdraft potential, with southwest
    850 mb wind favoring propagation.

    ..Jewell.. 06/15/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jun 16 06:03:14 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 160602
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 160600

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Mon Jun 16 2025

    Valid 171200Z - 181200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    KANSAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms with large hail, wind damage and possibly a few
    tornadoes are expected on Tuesday across parts of the central Plains
    and lower to mid Missouri Valley. Outside of this area, marginally
    severe storms will be possible across a large part of the central
    U.S. Storms with isolated severe winds gusts may develop in parts of
    the central Appalachians and Mid-Atlantic.

    ...Central Plains/Lower to Mid Missouri Valley...
    A shortwave mid-level trough will move through the High Plains on
    Tuesday, as an associated 40 to 50 knot jet streak translates
    eastward into the central Plains. At the surface, a low will deepen
    across the Texas Panhandle during the day, as a front stalls from
    central Kansas northeastward into south-central Iowa. To the south
    of the front, surface dewpoints in the upper 60s to lower 70s F will
    contribute to moderate to strong instability by afternoon.
    Destabilization and increasing low-level convergence along the front
    will lead to convective initiation in the mid to late afternoon.
    Scattered to numerous thunderstorms are expected to develop near and
    to the south the front, with storms moving slowly eastward during
    the late afternoon and early evening.

    NAM forecast soundings near the instability axis at 21Z on Tuesday
    across central Kansas have MLCAPE peaking above 4000 J/kg in some
    areas, with 700-500 mb lapse rates near 8 C/km. This, combined with
    0-6 km shear around 40 knots, will support supercell development.
    The more vigorous storms could produce hailstones greater than 2
    inches in diameter. In addition, a 40 to 50 knot low-level jet is
    forecast across south-central Kansas, which will create favorable
    low-level shear for a tornado threat. It appears that a few
    tornadoes will be possible with the more dominant supercells.
    Supercells and short intense line segments will also be capable of
    producing wind damage. The threat should persist into the mid to
    late evening, as a large cluster of storms moves eastward across
    central and eastern Kansas and through the lower to mid Missouri
    Valley.

    ...Central High Plains...
    A post-frontal airmass in the central and northern High Plains will
    heat up on Tuesday, in the wake of a mid-level shortwave trough. As temperatures increase during the day, convective initiation is
    expected in the higher terrain. These storms will move into the
    lower elevations during the afternoon, where pockets of moderate
    instability are forecast. The HRRR is the most aggressive solution,
    which appears to develop a line of organized storms, moving this
    convection southeastward across the central High Plains Tuesday
    afternoon. NAM forecast soundings along this corridor at 21Z have
    0-6 km shear between 30 and 40 knots, with 700-500 lapse rates of 8
    to 9 C/km. This environment should support a severe threat with the
    more intense component of the line. Hail and damaging wind gusts
    will be the primary threats.

    ...Central Appalachians/Mid-Atlantic...
    A mid-level shortwave trough will move eastward across the central
    Appalachians on Tuesday, as a lee trough develops in the
    Mid-Atlantic states. Ahead of the trough, surface dewpoints in the
    lower 70s F will contribute to moderate instability across much of
    region. As surface temperatures warm, convection is expected to
    develop in the higher terrain, with thunderstorms moving eastward
    into the foothills of the Appalachians during the afternoon.
    Moderate deep-layer shear and steep low-level lapse rates should be
    sufficient for a marginal wind-damage threat.

    ..Broyles.. 06/16/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jun 16 17:30:20 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 161730
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 161728

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1228 PM CDT Mon Jun 16 2025

    Valid 171200Z - 181200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER MUCH OF
    KANSAS AND INTO WESTERN MISSOURI...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms producing damaging winds, hail, and possibly a
    few tornadoes are expected Tuesday across parts of the central
    Plains and lower to mid Missouri Valley. Outside of this area,
    marginally severe storms will be possible across a large part of the
    central U.S. Storms with isolated severe winds gusts may develop in
    parts of the central Appalachians and Mid-Atlantic.

    ...Synopsis...
    On Tuesday, a low amplitude upper trough will move from the Rockies
    into the Plains, providing cooling aloft. To the north, an upper
    wave will lift out of the Great Lakes, while modest southwest flow
    aloft develops over the Appalachians north of an upper high.

    At the surface, a low will develop over the TX Panhandle, and a
    front associated with the northern wave will stall from Lake MI into
    the central Plains. South of this boundary, a very moist air mass
    with 70s F dewpoints will exist over a large area. As the upper
    trough moves into the Plains, a low-level jet will increase during
    the evening with over 50 kt into KS.

    ...Central Plains...
    Areas of morning thunderstorms are expected from parts of southern
    NE into eastern KS, though the exact location is uncertain.
    Nonetheless, any early activity should generally dissipate during
    the day, with very strong instability developing along and south of
    I-70 in KS/MO. Southwest winds across the southern High Plains will
    extend a low-level lapse rate plume into southwest/central KS, while
    mid 70s F dewpoints develop over eastern OK and KS. Meanwhile, the
    air mass over NE/CO/WY will likely destabilize/recover during the
    afternoon with pockets of strong instability.

    Storm evolution is a bit complex for Tuesday and for some areas will
    depend on early day storms and outflows. But in general, robust
    storms will develop late in the afternoon over much of central into
    eastern KS, near the instability axis and downstream of the
    low-level lapse rate plume, and, over much of eastern WY/CO and into
    western NE where hail and damaging gusts will be possible.

    Of particular concern are potential supercells and eventual damaging
    MCS development over the Enhanced Risk area late in the day and into
    the evening. A conditional risk for tornadoes will exist with
    initial activity, should sufficient SRH remain along any residual
    outflows from early day storms. Isolated very large hail will also
    be probable with slow-moving, large cells. With time,
    clustering/aggregating outflows should yield a severe MCS, which may
    occur in earnest as activity from the High Plains pushes east late.

    ...WV into VA and western MD...
    Strong heating will occur over much of the southeastern states
    beneath the upper ridge, with southwest winds aiding theta-e
    advection northward into WV/VA/MD. Midlevel moisture will also exist
    across the region, with scattered storms developing during the
    afternoon over the higher terrain. Some clustering may occur, with a
    small area of locally damaging wind potential late in the day as
    storms continue east toward northern VA and western MD.

    ..Jewell.. 06/16/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jun 17 06:03:58 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 170602
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 170600

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Tue Jun 17 2025

    Valid 181200Z - 191200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM SOUTHERN
    LOWER MICHIGAN INTO NORTHWEST OH...INDIANA...SOUTHERN
    ILLINOIS/MISSOURI...AND EXTREME WESTERN KENTUCKY...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms are expected on Wednesday from parts of
    southern Missouri northeastward into southern lower Michigan.
    Damaging winds, isolated hail, and a few tornadoes will be possible.
    More isolated severe storms may develop across the southern Plains.

    ...Synopsis...
    Extensive antecedent convection results in some uncertainty
    regarding synoptic details on Wednesday. In general, a convectively
    enhanced mid/upper-level trough is forecast to move across parts of
    the mid/upper MS Valley into the Great Lakes. In conjunction with
    this trough, a deepening surface low will move from parts of
    IA/northern MO toward lower MI by Wednesday night.

    To the east, one or more weak midlevel shortwave troughs may move
    across parts of the Mid Atlantic and Northeast, along the northwest
    periphery of an upper-level ridge off of the Carolina coast.

    ...MI southwestward into the mid MS and OH Valleys...
    Convection associated with a remnant MCS may be ongoing Wednesday
    morning from parts of IA/northern MO into the Ozarks. Outflow and
    lingering cloud cover from this remnant MCS, and the intensity of
    possible MCV-like enhancement to the primary shortwave trough, will
    influence severe potential from parts of the mid MS Valley and OH
    Valley into northern IL/IN and lower MI.

    To the south/east of any remnant outflow, and along/south of a warm
    front that will move northward in conjunction with the deepening
    surface low, diurnal heating of a richly moist environment (with
    dewpoints in the 70s F) will result in moderate to strong buoyancy,
    with MLCAPE ranging from 1000-1500 J/kg near the warm front, to
    greater than 2500 J/kg across the warm sector. Renewed storm
    development will be possible during the afternoon near the warm
    front and across the weakly capped warm sector. Midlevel flow is
    generally forecast to increase to 40-50 kt across the warm sector,
    providing sufficient effective shear for supercells and organized
    clusters.

    Potential for supercells capable of all severe hazards (including a
    tornado threat) may become maximized in closer proximity to the
    surface low and warm front across parts of IL/IN and lower MI, where
    backed surface winds will support favorable low-level shear/SRH. A
    corridor of greater tornado probabilities may eventually need to be
    considered, depending on trends regarding the intensity and track of
    the surface low.

    Farther southwest along the outflow-reinforced cold front, somewhat
    weaker upper-level flow may result in more of a tendency for storm
    clustering, but effective shear will still be sufficient for
    organized convection, and storms will be capable of producing
    scattered damaging winds, isolated hail, and possibly a couple
    tornadoes.

    Some severe threat could persist well into the evening and even into
    late Wednesday night as storms spread eastward, especially if the
    stronger model solutions regarding the strength of the midlevel
    shortwave trough and surface low end up closer to reality.

    ...Southern Plains...
    Large-scale ascent will generally become more nebulous with
    southwestward extent into the southern Plains, though at least
    isolated storm development will be possible near the cold front
    during the late afternoon and evening. While coverage is uncertain,
    strong to extreme buoyancy and modestly favorable deep-layer shear
    will support a threat of severe hail and wind with any storms that
    develop and persist within this regime.

    ...Mid Atlantic vicinity...
    Rather strong heating of a moist environment will result in moderate
    to strong buoyancy Wednesday afternoon from parts of the Carolinas
    into the Mid Atlantic. Scattered diurnal storm development will be
    possible along/east of the Blue Ridge, and potentially farther north
    and east into parts of DE/NJ and eastern PA. Guidance generally
    depicts a belt of 35-45 kt midlevel flow across the region, to the
    northwest of the upper-level ridge off of the Carolina coast. This
    modest flow enhancement could result in some storm organization,
    with large PW and steepened low-level lapse rates resulting in a
    threat for at least isolated damaging wind, and perhaps some small
    to marginally severe hail.

    ...Parts of far northeast MT into ND and northwest MN...
    Despite generally limited low-level moisture, relatively steep lapse
    rates and cool temperatures aloft may support a pocket of moderate destabilization across parts of far northeast MT and ND into
    northern MN Wednesday afternoon. Wind profiles will be relatively
    weak and unidirectional, but a couple stronger cells or clusters
    will be possible during the afternoon and evening, with localized
    potential for hail and strong to severe gusts.

    ..Dean.. 06/17/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jun 17 06:16:42 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 170615
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 170613

    Day 2 Convective Outlook CORR 1
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0113 AM CDT Tue Jun 17 2025

    Valid 181200Z - 191200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM SOUTHERN
    LOWER MICHIGAN INTO NORTHWEST OH...INDIANA...SOUTHERN
    ILLINOIS/MISSOURI...AND EXTREME WESTERN KENTUCKY...

    CORRECTED FOR TORNADO GRAPHIC

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms are expected on Wednesday from parts of
    southern Missouri northeastward into southern lower Michigan.
    Damaging winds, isolated hail, and a few tornadoes will be possible.
    More isolated severe storms may develop across the southern Plains.

    ...Synopsis...
    Extensive antecedent convection results in some uncertainty
    regarding synoptic details on Wednesday. In general, a convectively
    enhanced mid/upper-level trough is forecast to move across parts of
    the mid/upper MS Valley into the Great Lakes. In conjunction with
    this trough, a deepening surface low will move from parts of
    IA/northern MO toward lower MI by Wednesday night.

    To the east, one or more weak midlevel shortwave troughs may move
    across parts of the Mid Atlantic and Northeast, along the northwest
    periphery of an upper-level ridge off of the Carolina coast.

    ...MI southwestward into the mid MS and OH Valleys...
    Convection associated with a remnant MCS may be ongoing Wednesday
    morning from parts of IA/northern MO into the Ozarks. Outflow and
    lingering cloud cover from this remnant MCS, and the intensity of
    possible MCV-like enhancement to the primary shortwave trough, will
    influence severe potential from parts of the mid MS Valley and OH
    Valley into northern IL/IN and lower MI.

    To the south/east of any remnant outflow, and along/south of a warm
    front that will move northward in conjunction with the deepening
    surface low, diurnal heating of a richly moist environment (with
    dewpoints in the 70s F) will result in moderate to strong buoyancy,
    with MLCAPE ranging from 1000-1500 J/kg near the warm front, to
    greater than 2500 J/kg across the warm sector. Renewed storm
    development will be possible during the afternoon near the warm
    front and across the weakly capped warm sector. Midlevel flow is
    generally forecast to increase to 40-50 kt across the warm sector,
    providing sufficient effective shear for supercells and organized
    clusters.

    Potential for supercells capable of all severe hazards (including a
    tornado threat) may become maximized in closer proximity to the
    surface low and warm front across parts of IL/IN and lower MI, where
    backed surface winds will support favorable low-level shear/SRH. A
    corridor of greater tornado probabilities may eventually need to be
    considered, depending on trends regarding the intensity and track of
    the surface low.

    Farther southwest along the outflow-reinforced cold front, somewhat
    weaker upper-level flow may result in more of a tendency for storm
    clustering, but effective shear will still be sufficient for
    organized convection, and storms will be capable of producing
    scattered damaging winds, isolated hail, and possibly a couple
    tornadoes.

    Some severe threat could persist well into the evening and even into
    late Wednesday night as storms spread eastward, especially if the
    stronger model solutions regarding the strength of the midlevel
    shortwave trough and surface low end up closer to reality.

    ...Southern Plains...
    Large-scale ascent will generally become more nebulous with
    southwestward extent into the southern Plains, though at least
    isolated storm development will be possible near the cold front
    during the late afternoon and evening. While coverage is uncertain,
    strong to extreme buoyancy and modestly favorable deep-layer shear
    will support a threat of severe hail and wind with any storms that
    develop and persist within this regime.

    ...Mid Atlantic vicinity...
    Rather strong heating of a moist environment will result in moderate
    to strong buoyancy Wednesday afternoon from parts of the Carolinas
    into the Mid Atlantic. Scattered diurnal storm development will be
    possible along/east of the Blue Ridge, and potentially farther north
    and east into parts of DE/NJ and eastern PA. Guidance generally
    depicts a belt of 35-45 kt midlevel flow across the region, to the
    northwest of the upper-level ridge off of the Carolina coast. This
    modest flow enhancement could result in some storm organization,
    with large PW and steepened low-level lapse rates resulting in a
    threat for at least isolated damaging wind, and perhaps some small
    to marginally severe hail.

    ...Parts of far northeast MT into ND and northwest MN...
    Despite generally limited low-level moisture, relatively steep lapse
    rates and cool temperatures aloft may support a pocket of moderate destabilization across parts of far northeast MT and ND into
    northern MN Wednesday afternoon. Wind profiles will be relatively
    weak and unidirectional, but a couple stronger cells or clusters
    will be possible during the afternoon and evening, with localized
    potential for hail and strong to severe gusts.

    ..Dean.. 06/17/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jun 17 17:04:55 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 171704
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 171703

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1203 PM CDT Tue Jun 17 2025

    Valid 181200Z - 191200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM SOUTHERN
    LOWER MICHIGAN INTO NORTHWEST OHIO...INDIANA...SOUTHERN
    ILLINOIS/MISSOURI...AND EXTREME WESTERN KENTUCKY...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms are expected on Wednesday from parts of
    southern Missouri northeastward into southern lower Michigan.
    Damaging winds, isolated hail, and a few tornadoes will be possible.
    More isolated severe storms may develop across the southern Plains.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will traverse from MO/IA to the Southern Great
    Lakes on Wednesday. A surface low will accompany this mid-level
    trough and move from eastern Iowa to Michigan. A cold front will
    extend from this surface low to the southern Great Plains. Severe
    thunderstorms are expected along much of this frontal zone on
    Wednesday.

    ...Midwest into the Southern Great Lakes...
    Upper 60s to low 70s dewpoints will be present ahead of a cold front
    across the Midwest/Great Lakes on Wednesday morning. Some cloudcover
    is likely across the region, but only minimal heating (mid 70s)
    appears necessary for convective initiation. Therefore, expect
    relatively early storm development along and ahead of a cold front
    north of I-70 during the late morning to mid-day timeframe. Moderate instability and modest shear (35 to 40 knots) will promote storm
    organization. Very weak (~5.5 C/km) mid-level lapse rates amid a
    moist profile, should mostly limit hail production. Therefore,
    damaging wind gusts will likely be the primary threat. However, some
    tornado threat will also exist as forecast soundings show strong
    low-level curvature and significant streamwise vorticity in the
    lowest 1km. There is some uncertainty with storm mode, but a tornado
    threat would exist with either a broken line or a QLCS as it moves
    across northern Indiana into southern Michigan and northwest Ohio.

    ...Ozarks into the Mid-Mississippi Valley...
    There is uncertainty across southern Missouri and northern Arkansas
    regarding the strength of morning convection across the region. It
    is unclear whether this morning convection will reintensify and move east/northeast with a renewed threat, or if additional development
    will occur during the afternoon and be the primary threat. However,
    given the lack of strong low-level jet support, expect the overnight
    MCS to be weakening by morning with the additional afternoon
    development solution preferred. Moderate to potentially strong
    instability is forecast by mid-afternoon with modest (25-30 knots)
    of shear. This will support mostly multicell clusters with a threat
    for damaging wind gusts.

    ...Southern Plains...
    Strong heating is forecast south of the boundary across the southern
    Plains. This will result in moderate to potentially strong
    instability amid 25-30 knots of shear. Very warm 700mb temperatures
    (12C) will likely limit overall convective coverage. However,
    forecast soundings show a mostly uncapped environment where a
    surface boundary should be present. Therefore, at least isolated
    storms are possible. Modest shear and very steep lapse rates will
    support some hail/wind threat from any storms which can develop
    within this region.

    ...Northern Plains...
    Despite generally limited low-level moisture, relatively steep lapse
    rates and cool temperatures aloft may support a pocket of moderate destabilization across parts of far northeast MT and ND into
    northern MN Wednesday afternoon. Wind profiles will be relatively
    weak and unidirectional, but a couple stronger cells or clusters
    will be possible during the afternoon and evening, with localized
    potential for hail and strong to severe gusts.

    ...Mid Atlantic...
    Strong heating, combined with low 70s dewpoints will result in
    moderate to strong instability in the Mid-Atlantic on Wednesday. 12Z
    guidance has trended weaker with a belt of mid-level flow across the Mid-Atlantic Wednesday afternoon/evening. However, sufficient
    mid-level flow is still forecast for modest shear and some multicell
    clusters. Damaging wind gusts will be the primary threat from these
    scattered storms.

    ..Bentley.. 06/17/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jun 18 05:57:50 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 180556
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 180554

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1254 AM CDT Wed Jun 18 2025

    Valid 191200Z - 201200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PARTS OF NEW
    ENGLAND INTO THE MID ATLANTIC AND NORTH CAROLINA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to potentially severe thunderstorms are forecast on Thursday
    from parts of New England into the Mid Atlantic and Carolinas.

    ...Synopsis...
    A seasonably deep mid/upper-level trough is forecast to move from
    the lower Great Lakes region into the Northeast and Mid Atlantic on
    Thursday. A surface low will move across parts of Quebec during the
    day and evening, as a trailing cold front moves across parts of New
    England, the Mid Atlantic, and Carolinas/Southeast.

    An upstream midlevel shortwave trough will move across parts of
    northern MN into WI and upper MI by evening. An amplified
    mid/upper-level trough will move gradually eastward across the
    western CONUS, as an upper-level ridge initially over the southern
    Rockies begins to break down and shift eastward. In response to this
    trough, a surface low will gradually deepen across the northern High
    Plains.

    ...New England into the Mid Atlantic/Southeast...
    Relatively rich low-level moisture will stream northward ahead of
    the front approaching New England and the Mid Atlantic during the
    day on Thursday. Moderate buoyancy may develop as far north as
    northern NY/VT, with pockets of stronger heating/destabilization
    farther south into the Mid Atlantic and Carolinas/Southeast.

    The strongest deep-layer flow/shear is still expected from
    PA/northern NJ northward into New England, where wind profiles will
    be conditionally supportive of supercells and organized bowing
    segments. Damaging winds and perhaps a tornado could accompany the
    strongest storms in this area.

    Farther south into the southern Mid Atlantic and Carolinas,
    deep-layer flow will be somewhat unidirectional and weaker, but
    still sufficient for some organized convection. Clusters capable of
    producing scattered wind damage will be possible, especially in
    areas where stronger diurnal heating/destabilization occurs.

    Deep-layer flow will be rather weak into parts of MS/AL/GA/SC, but
    the glancing influence of the mid/upper-level trough and relatively
    large MLCAPE and PW will support storms capable of producing
    isolated strong/damaging gusts.

    ...Southwest MT and vicinity...
    Weak midlevel height falls are still expected across parts of
    western MT Thursday afternoon/evening, in response to the
    approaching mid/upper-level trough. Low-level moisture will remain
    limited, but strong diurnal heating will support high-based storm
    development. Steep low-level lapse rates and relatively strong
    midlevel flow will result in potential for isolated severe gusts
    during the afternoon and evening as convection spreads eastward.

    ...Upper Midwest...
    Low-level warm advection related to the southeastward-moving
    midlevel shortwave trough may aid in storm development on Thursday
    from northern MN into parts of WI and upper MI. Moderate instability
    and sufficient deep-layer shear will support potential for a few
    stronger cells/clusters capable of producing large hail and damaging
    wind. Additional strong to locally severe storms may redevelop later
    Thursday night across parts of this region, in response to a
    nocturnally strengthening low-level jet.

    ...Northern Plains...
    Diurnal heating of an increasingly moist airmass will result in
    moderate to strong buoyancy across parts of the northern Plains by
    Thursday afternoon. Deep-layer shear will be sufficient for
    organized storms, but diurnal storm development remains highly
    uncertain amid background midlevel height rises associated with a
    building ridge. Development of a storm or two cannot be ruled out
    through evening near a surface trough/weak dryline. Elevated storm
    coverage may increase somewhat Thursday night in response to a
    strengthening low-level jet, which could pose a threat of hail and
    localized strong gusts.

    ..Dean.. 06/18/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jun 18 17:32:47 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 181732
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 181730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Wed Jun 18 2025

    Valid 191200Z - 201200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE CAROLINA
    PIEDMONT INTO PARTS OF THE MID ATLANTIC AND NEW ENGLAND...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to potentially severe thunderstorms are forecast on Thursday
    from parts of New England into the Mid Atlantic and Carolinas.

    ...Synopsis...
    A positively tilted mid-level shortwave trough will move from the
    Great Lakes to the Northeast on Thursday. Mid-level flow will
    strengthen east of this trough from the Mid-Atlantic to the
    Northeast. A surface low will deepen as it moves from the eastern
    Great Lakes to northern Maine during the period. A cold front will
    extend southwest from this surface low and will begin from the
    eastern Great Lakes to the Mid-Mississippi Valley Thursday morning
    and near or off the Atlantic Coast by 12Z Friday.

    ...New England into the Mid-Atlantic/Southeast...
    Strong heating is expected across a broad, moist warm sector with
    dewpoints in the upper 60s to low 70s east of the Appalachians by
    Thursday afternoon. This will result in moderate to potentially
    strong instability across much of the East Coast. The best chance
    for more organized storms will be from central Virginia northward
    where stronger shear will be present beneath 50 knot mid-level flow.
    A zone of potentially greater severe weather probabilities may be
    present across the Mid-Atlantic where the greatest instability/shear
    are expected to overlap. It appears the cold front will lag well
    behind with the majority of convection developing along a
    pre-frontal trough during the afternoon. Without the stronger
    frontal forcing, some concerns about convective coverage/intensity
    exist, precluding higher probabilities at this time.

    South of this area, mid-level flow will not be as strong. Therefore,
    more modest shear will limit greater storm organization.
    Nonetheless, modest (25 knot) shear will support some multicell
    storms capable of damaging wind gusts across North Carolina. Even
    weaker shear will be present across the southeast where strong
    instability is expected. Storms are not expected to be as organized
    here, but the strong instability and moist environment could support
    some water-loaded downdrafts capable of damaging wind gusts.

    ...Southern Montana...
    Weak midlevel height falls are still expected across parts of
    western MT Thursday afternoon/evening, in response to the
    approaching mid/upper-level trough. Low-level moisture will remain
    limited, but strong diurnal heating will support high-based storm
    development. Steep low-level lapse rates and relatively strong
    midlevel flow will result in potential for isolated severe gusts
    during the afternoon and evening as convection spreads eastward.

    ...Upper Midwest...
    Low-level warm advection related to the southeastward-moving
    midlevel shortwave trough may aid in storm development on Thursday
    from northern MN into parts of WI and upper MI. Moderate instability
    and sufficient deep-layer shear will support potential for a few
    stronger cells/clusters capable of producing large hail and damaging
    wind. Additional strong to locally severe storms may redevelop later
    Thursday night across parts of this region, in response to a
    nocturnally strengthening low-level jet.

    ...Northern Plains...
    Diurnal heating of an increasingly moist airmass will result in
    moderate to strong buoyancy across parts of the northern Plains by
    Thursday afternoon. Deep-layer shear will be sufficient for
    organized storms, but diurnal storm development remains highly
    uncertain amid background midlevel height rises associated with a
    building ridge. Development of a storm or two cannot be ruled out
    through evening near a surface trough/weak dryline. Elevated storm
    coverage may increase somewhat Thursday night in response to a
    strengthening low-level jet, which could pose a threat of hail and
    localized strong gusts.

    ...Central High Plains...
    Moderate to strong buoyancy will develop across the central High
    Plains amid strong surface heating. Shear will not be as strong this
    far south, but a dryline/surface trough may provide sufficient
    forcing for a few high-based storms Thursday afternoon/early
    evening.

    ..Bentley.. 06/18/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jun 19 06:03:35 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 190602
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 190600

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Thu Jun 19 2025

    Valid 201200Z - 211200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE NORTHERN PLAINS INTO THE UPPER MIDWEST/GREAT LAKES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms may develop Friday into Friday night across
    parts of the northern Plains and upper Midwest. Significant severe
    weather is possible.

    ...Synopsis...
    A seasonably deep mid/upper-level cyclone will move across the
    Pacific Northwest on Friday, as the attendant large-scale trough
    begins to impinge on the central/northern Great Plains. Downstream,
    an upper ridge will gradually shift eastward from the southern
    Plains toward the lower MS Valley.

    A surface low will deepen across the northern High Plains, with
    increasing low-level moisture expected near and east of the low and
    trailing dryline/surface trough, and also near/north of a warm front
    that will extend east/northeast of the low.

    ...Dakotas into the Upper Midwest/Great Lakes...
    Strong to extreme buoyancy will develop Friday afternoon across much
    of the central/northern Plains into the Upper Midwest. Warming
    temperatures aloft will result in substantial capping across the
    warm sector, and coverage/location of storms within an otherwise
    volatile environment remains very uncertain.

    Most guidance suggests a mid/upper-level shortwave will emerge from
    the western trough and move across the northern Plains sometime
    during the afternoon/evening, though differences remain regarding
    the timing and amplitude of this shortwave. This shortwave trough
    could aid in isolated storm development by late afternoon/early
    evening, primarily near or north of the surface low and warm front.
    Veering wind profiles will support supercells, with a conditional
    threat for very large hail, isolated severe gusts, and also some
    tornado potential if any supercells can become surface-based.

    Some increase in storm coverage is expected Friday evening into the
    overnight, in response to a nocturnally strengthening low-level jet.
    Initial development within this regime could be supercellular, with
    potential for upscale growth with time. An intense MCS capable of
    producing significant severe gusts could evolve with time. Even if
    this does not occur, one or more smaller clusters may develop and
    track east-southeastward north of the warm front, with very large
    buoyancy and sufficient deep-layer shear supporting a threat of
    large to very large hail and severe gusts.

    Greater severe probabilities may be needed if confidence increases
    regarding a sufficient coverage of supercells, and/or development of
    an intense MCS.

    ...Montana...
    Low-level easterly flow will support some moistening across much of
    MT on Friday, though guidance continues to vary regarding the
    magnitude of destabilization during the afternoon and evening.
    Large-scale ascent associated with the approaching mid/upper-level
    trough will support scattered storm development across western MT
    during the afternoon, with sufficient deep-layer shear for some
    storm organization. Depending on the extent of downstream
    destabilization, some threat for strong to potentially severe storms
    may spread into parts of central/eastern MT Friday evening. Greater
    severe probabilities may be needed into parts of western/central MT
    depending on trends regarding destabilization.

    ...South-central High Plains...
    High-based convection may develop Friday afternoon across parts of
    CO/NM, within a very warm and well-mixed environment. While this
    convection should generally be disorganized, localized severe gusts
    could accompany this convection before it subsides during the
    evening.

    ...Lower Great Lakes...
    A northwesterly flow regime will become established across the lower
    Great Lakes vicinity on Friday. While large-scale ascent will remain
    rather nebulous, and destabilization is expected to be rather
    modest, elongated hodographs will conditionally support some storm organization. A few strong storms capable of locally gusty winds and
    perhaps marginal hail cannot be ruled out during the afternoon and
    evening.

    ..Dean.. 06/19/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jun 19 17:29:15 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 191729
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 191727

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1227 PM CDT Thu Jun 19 2025

    Valid 201200Z - 211200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM FAR
    EASTERN MONTANA ACROSS PARTS OF THE DAKOTAS AND MINNESOTA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are likely Friday into Friday night across
    parts of the northern Plains and upper Midwest. Areas of significant
    severe wind and hail are expected.

    ...Synopsis...
    Upper ridging will occur over the northern Plains during the day, as
    a shortwave trough and strong midlevel jet nose into the northern
    Rockies. Low pressure will deepen from eastern MT into SD, with a
    warm front extending east across northern SD, southern MN and
    western WI. Near the warm front, backed winds and a capping
    inversion will help maintain a zone of 70s F dewpoints from the
    upper MS Valley westward along the SD/ND border. Westerly 850 mb
    winds early Friday will back to southerly and increase during the
    afternoon and evening, with a broad zone of 40-50 kt developing and
    aiding northward heat and moisture transport. Very hot conditions
    are expected near the surface low in SD with gusty southwest winds
    and drying. Overnight, a cold front associated with the slow-moving
    upper trough should push into western Dakotas.

    ...From eastern MT across the northern Plains and into upper MI...
    Areas of thunderstorms may be ongoing Friday morning across IA,
    southern MN and southwest WI. Lift will exist along and east of a
    deep-layer instability gradient, with theta-e advection out of the
    southwest with a 50 kt low-level jet. This activity may produce hail
    and locally strong gusts Friday morning, with a weakening trend
    during the day.

    Strong instability will then develop throughout the day as
    temperatures warm and moistening occurs along the warm front and in
    a plume north of the MT/SD low. Storms are first expected to form
    over western/central MT beneath the cooler temperatures aloft, with
    a few cells producing strong gusts or marginal hail. However, by 21Z
    or so, supercells are expected over eastern MT. Deep-layer shear
    will be strong by virtue of easterly low-level winds beneath
    increasingly westerlies aloft. Very large hail should be expected as
    these cells move into ND, with MUCAPE increasing to 3000-4000 J/kg.
    Potential may also exist for a severe bow moving across ND and
    northwest MN, with significant damaging gusts.

    Farther east along the warm front, much of the area will remain
    capped during the day. However, the nose of the low-level lapse rate
    plume should result in at least a small area of uncapped and very
    unstable air mass, perhaps over northeast SD and southeast ND. Here,
    a conditional supercell and tornado risk will exist. Should storms
    form in this area around or after 00Z, very large hail and tornadoes
    appear likely as low-level shear will be maximized here.

    Otherwise, additional elevated storms should develop within the warm
    advection wing across northern MN, WI, and upper MI. Hail appears
    likely as instability will be large, though damaging wind potential
    is less certain and will depend on boundary layer temperatures.

    ..Jewell.. 06/19/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jun 20 06:06:22 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 200606
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 200604

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0104 AM CDT Fri Jun 20 2025

    Valid 211200Z - 221200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PARTS OF THE
    NORTHERN GREAT LAKES INTO NY AND NORTHERN PA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to locally severe storms are possible Saturday from the
    northern Great Plains into the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes.

    ...Synopsis...
    A deep mid/upper-level trough will move gradually eastward across
    the western CONUS on Saturday, as an embedded shortwave trough moves
    from parts ID/MT into the Canadian Prairies. A surface low initially
    over the northern Plains is forecast to move northeast through the
    day, with a secondary surface low expected to develop along a cold
    front across the central High Plains during the evening.

    Downstream, a mid/upper-level shortwave trough (possibly augmented
    by D1/Friday MCS development) is generally forecast to move from the
    northern Great Lakes toward New England.

    ...Great Lakes into the Northeast...
    An MCS will likely be ongoing Saturday morning across parts of the
    northern Great Lakes, with other areas of elevated convection
    possible farther south across lower MI. While there is some
    uncertainty regarding MCS timing, some damaging-wind and hail threat
    would accompany this system and any other robust morning convection
    before spreading into Ontario.

    The convectively augmented shortwave trough associated with the
    potential MCS may continue to impinge upon the northeast periphery
    of an expanding instability reservoir. Even if the morning MCS
    weakens or stays in Canada, strong to potentially severe storms may
    spread southward out of Ontario into the lower Great Lakes region,
    and/or develop within a low-level warm advection regime. Damaging
    winds may be the most common hazard, though low-level shear/SRH may
    become sufficient for a localized tornado threat as well. Convection
    may continue into late Saturday night with at least an isolated
    severe threat.

    Farther west, there is some potential for isolated storm development
    during the afternoon/evening across the northern Great Lakes
    vicinity, within a conditionally favorable environment. However,
    with large-scale ascent expected to remain rather nebulous in the
    wake of the departing MCS and shortwave trough, confidence is
    currently low regarding this scenario.

    ...Northern Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    While there is some lingering uncertainty regarding the influence of
    D1/Friday convection, strong to extreme buoyancy is likely to again
    develop across parts of the northern Plains and Upper Midwest, along
    and east of the cold front. However, very warm temperatures aloft
    and generally weak large-scale ascent may tend to suppress storm
    development across much of the strongly unstable warm sector. Strong
    heating could support isolated development across parts of
    NE/SD/eastern ND into northern MN near the surface low and front,
    which would conditionally pose a severe threat given the favorable
    parameter space.

    Farther northwest, guidance continues to vary regarding the
    magnitude of instability from eastern MT/northern WY into the
    western Dakotas. Strong morning convection will be possible across
    eastern MT, and some redevelopment may occur during the
    afternoon/evening, depending on the extent to which the departing MT
    shortwave trough can impinge upon favorable instability. A supercell
    or two will be possible, with a localized threat for all severe
    hazards.

    ..Dean.. 06/20/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jun 20 17:33:42 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 201732
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 201730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Fri Jun 20 2025

    Valid 211200Z - 221200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PARTS OF THE
    NORTHERN GREAT LAKES INTO NEW YORK AND NORTHERN PENNSYLVANIA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to locally severe storms are possible Saturday from the
    northern Great Plains into the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes.

    ...Synopsis...
    An amplifying pattern will occur on Saturday with a trough
    strengthening across the west with a ridge building across the
    eastern CONUS. Surface high pressure will be present across the
    eastern CONUS with lee troughing across the central and northern
    Plains ahead of the strengthening western CONUS trough.

    ...Great Lakes into the Northeast...
    A strong MCS will likely be ongoing at the beginning of the period
    across northern Wisconsin/western Upper Michigan. This MCS will
    likely continue east through the morning with some wind/hail threat
    across Upper Michigan and northern Lower Michigan before eventually
    moving into Ontario. If this MCS continues to track along the
    instability gradient, it could eventually arrive across
    western/central New York during the afternoon/evening. However, this
    threat is conditional given stronger forcing farther north in Canada
    and strong building heights across the Northeast.

    Additional thunderstorms may develop along the trailing
    outflow/composite boundary during the afternoon as strong
    instability builds into the northern Great Lakes. However, building
    heights aloft should mostly suppress convection, with only isolated
    storm coverage expected, if at all. If any storms can develop, the
    environment would be very favorable for large hail, severe wind
    gusts, and perhaps a tornado.

    ...Northern Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Very strong instability is expected to build across the northern
    Plains on Saturday afternoon/evening. Very warm 700mb temperatures
    (16C) and building heights aloft should keep thunderstorm activity
    suppressed for much of the period. However, strong heating could
    allow for isolated storm development which would likely be
    supercellular with a hail and wind threat if this conditional threat
    does materialize.

    A few strong to potentially severe storms may be ongoing at the
    beginning of the period across eastern Montana as a weak mid-level
    trough traverses the region. Storm activity will likely remain
    limited across eastern Montana for much of the day as heights build
    aloft. However, additional storms may develop early Sunday morning
    as troughing starts to advance east. Limited instability is the
    primary limiting factor, but if sufficient instability can develop,
    a few strong to severe storms may be possible (12Z NSSL WRF).

    ..Bentley.. 06/20/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jun 21 06:04:26 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 210602
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 210600

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Sat Jun 21 2025

    Valid 221200Z - 231200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE UPPER
    MIDWEST INTO CENTRAL NE...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are possible on Sunday from parts of the
    central and northern Plains into the upper Midwest. Significant hail
    and wind are possible across parts of eastern North Dakota and
    northern Minnesota, along with some tornado potential.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid/upper-level low initially over ID is forecast to move
    northeastward as a shortwave trough Sunday, reaching parts of the
    northern Great Plains and Canadian Prairies by Sunday night. As this
    occurs, a surface low initially over parts of NE/SD will move toward
    northwest MN, as a trailing cold front moves across parts of the central/northern Plains and Upper Midwest.

    Farther east, a mid/upper-level shortwave trough and associated
    surface low and weak cold front will move across parts of New
    England. Guidance continues to vary regarding the timing and
    intensity of this system. In the wake of this shortwave trough, an
    upper ridge will amplify into parts of the Northeast.

    ...Great Plains into the Upper Midwest/Great Lakes...
    Strong to extreme instability will again develop from the
    central/northern Plains into the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes,
    along/ahead of the front. Stronger deep-layer flow and ascent will
    tend to lag behind the front, though sufficient vertical shear for
    organized storms will be in place along the front.

    The most favorable environment is expected near the track of the
    primary surface low from eastern ND into northern MN, where 40-50 kt
    of midlevel flow will overlap strong to extreme instability.
    Supercell development will be possible near the low track and in the
    vicinity of a warm front extending east-northeast from the low, with
    some clustering and upscale growth possible with time. With
    large-scale ascent tending to lag behind the front, coverage of
    storms into early evening is uncertain, but any supercells could
    pose a threat of all severe hazards, including tornado and very
    large hail potential. Any organized upscale growth would result in
    an increasing damaging-wind threat (including conditional potential
    for gusts near/above 75 mph) as storms spread east-northeastward
    into the evening.

    More isolated severe storms will also be possible within the
    post-frontal regime across the northern High Plains, where moderate
    MUCAPE and sufficient deep-layer shear could support isolated
    supercells or small clusters capable of severe hail and wind.

    Farther south into the central Plains, both instability and
    deep-layer shear will be somewhat weaker, due to warmer temperatures
    aloft and weaker flow. However, strong heating near and east of a
    developing secondary low across the central High Plains could result
    in scattered storm development near the front by evening. Relatively unidirectional southwesterly flow could result in a few stronger northeastward-moving cells/clusters capable of damaging wind and
    isolated hail.

    Scattered storms will also be possible within a weakly capped
    environment into parts of the southern High Plains. While deep-layer
    flow/shear will weaker in this area, moderate buoyancy and steep
    low-level lapse rates could support isolated severe gusts with the
    strongest storms.

    ...Parts of the Northeast/New England...
    Isolated strong storms may be ongoing Sunday morning across parts of
    the Northeast/New England, within a low-level warm advection regime.
    Confidence is low in the details, due to model variance regarding
    the strength and timing of the shortwave trough and surface low that
    will move through the region. Increasing instability and sufficient
    deep-layer shear will conditionally support organized convection
    through the day.

    At this time, the most likely scenario is for an isolated severe
    threat to persist through parts of the morning, before diminishing
    during the afternoon as the upper ridge builds into the region.
    However, with strong to extreme buoyancy expected to develop during
    the afternoon, the area will need to be closely monitored for
    diurnal redevelopment along any remnant surface boundaries.

    ..Dean.. 06/21/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jun 21 17:31:31 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 211731
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 211730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Sat Jun 21 2025

    Valid 221200Z - 231200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE UPPER
    MISSISSIPPI VALLEY TO THE SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms remain possible on Sunday from parts of the
    central and northern Plains into the upper Midwest. Significant hail
    and wind are possible across parts of eastern North Dakota and
    northern Minnesota, along with some tornado potential. A few severe
    storms are also possible across the Northeast.

    ...Synopsis...
    Broad mid-level troughing will prevail across the western U.S. as an
    upper ridge continues to build over the eastern CONUS tomorrow
    (Sunday). A pronounced mid-level impulse/shortwave trough will eject
    into the northern Plains Sunday afternoon, supporting rapid surface
    cyclone development/strengthening over the central High Plains. This
    surface low is poised to move northeast toward the Upper MS Valley,
    encouraging the northward transport of warm, moist air to the Great
    Lakes while a trailing frontal boundary slowly advances eastward
    along the High Plains, down to the Rio Grande. Along the warm front
    and trailing frontal boundary, scattered severe thunderstorm
    development is possible. Remnant thunderstorms will also crest the
    ridge and propagate into the Northeast from southeastern Ontario
    Sunday morning and afternoon. These storms will traverse the eastern
    periphery of moderate to strong buoyancy and modest wind shear,
    which may aid in some severe potential.

    ...Northern Mississippi Valley...
    A warm front should reach the international border by Sunday
    afternoon, with 70+ F surface dewpoints beneath 8 C/km mid-level
    lapse rates expected over much of the Upper MS Valley by Sunday
    afternoon. This thermodynamic profile will yield widespread 3000+
    J/kg MLCAPE (over 4000 J/kg in some locales), but with appreciable
    MLCINH. Rapid strengthening and gradual veering of the vertical wind
    profile, from the surface to about 500 mb, will support sizeable and
    curved low-level hodographs (e.g. 200+ m2/s2 effective SRH), but
    with modest mid to upper-level elongation. A such, if storms can
    develop ahead of the frontal boundary, supercells and short bowing
    segments capable of all severe hazards (including 75+ mph gusts, 2+
    inch diameter hail, and a few tornadoes) are all possible. The
    overall coverage of the severe risk is strongly dependent on cap
    erosion and the ability for the more robust updrafts to overcome
    inhibition. The best chance for this occurring is over northern MN,
    closer to the warm front, where locally backed low-level flow will
    also yield the best chance for tornadoes. Higher severe
    probabilities may be warranted if confidence in MLCINH erosion
    increases.

    ...Northern High Plains...
    A few thunderstorms may develop across the northern High Plains by
    afternoon peak heating, behind the frontal boundary. The pronounced
    mid-level shortwave trough will overspread this region, which will
    experience the greatest deep-layer ascent, along with strong speed
    shear (as shown via forecast soundings as elongated, straight
    hodographs/50 kts of effective bulk shear). 8+ C/km low and
    mid-level lapse rates will yield around 1000 J/kg MLCAPE in this
    environment. A couple of multicells or transient supercells may
    occur, accompanied by some risk for severe wind/hail.

    ...Central and southern High Plains...
    Maximum daytime surface heating, and modest convergence along a
    trailing surface frontal boundary, will aid in the development of at
    least scattered thunderstorms amid a warm/well-mixed boundary layer.
    Vertical wind shear will be weak in this region. Nonetheless, 8-9
    C/km low-level lapse rates will support 1500+ J/kg SBCAPE and
    associated severe gust potential with the stronger, longer-lived
    multicellular complexes, especially where cold-pool mergers may
    occur. A couple instances of severe hail also cannot be ruled out.

    ...Northeast...
    A somewhat complex severe weather scenario exists for the Northeast,
    from Sunday morning into the afternoon hours. Scattered strong
    thunderstorms (perhaps a remnant MCS) may cross from southeastern
    Ontario and progress toward the Hudson Valley region during the
    morning. Should this occur, convective restrengthening is possible
    along the leading edge of outflow over the Mid Atlantic, with strong
    to potentially severe wind gusts likely. However, if convection
    moving into the Northeast by Sunday morning is less robust,
    convective re-intensification may be more likely farther north into
    southern New England. A more focused severe threat would be highly
    dependent on the placement and evolution of earlier convection/MCS
    morphology across Ontario during the late Day 1 period, which
    currently has low predictability. Despite weak vertical wind shear,
    of concern is the eastward advection of a modest EML into the
    Northeast, which may boost MLCAPE well over 3000 J/kg (perhaps over
    4000 J/kg locally). Higher severe probabilities may be needed if
    confidence in the placement and/or timing of more organized
    convection increases.

    ..Squitieri.. 06/21/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jun 22 06:06:36 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 220606
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 220604

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0104 AM CDT Sun Jun 22 2025

    Valid 231200Z - 241200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE GREAT
    LAKES/UPPER MIDWEST INTO THE CENTRAL PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to potentially severe storms may develop on Monday from parts
    of the Great Lakes into the central Plains.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid/upper-level shortwave trough initially over the northern
    Plains and Canadian Prairies will move into Ontario on Monday, as a
    surface low moves into Quebec. A trailing cold front will move
    across parts of the northern/central Plains and upper Midwest/Great
    Lakes. An expansive upper ridge will remain in place over much of
    the eastern CONUS.

    ...Great Lakes/Upper Midwest...
    Scattered storms may be ongoing Monday morning across parts of
    MN/WI. While this convection will likely be somewhat elevated,
    moderate MUCAPE and sufficient deep-layer shear could support an
    isolated severe threat with the strongest early-day storms.

    Diurnal heating/destabilization may support intensification of
    morning storms, along with additional development in the vicinity of
    the front during the afternoon into the evening. Relatively strong
    diurnal heating will support moderate to locally strong buoyancy
    along/ahead of the front, in areas not overly influenced by morning
    convection. Unidirectional wind profiles and 25-40 kt in the 850-700
    mb layer could support one or more outflow-driven clusters with a
    threat of damaging wind and isolated hail.

    ...Central Plains vicinity...
    Diurnal storm development will be possible Monday afternoon along
    the front across parts of the central Plains, as well as within a
    post-frontal regime into parts of the High Plains and Front Range.
    Instability will be strongest along/ahead of the front, where the
    strongest heating is expected, though deep-layer shear will be
    rather weak across the warm sector. A few strong multicells or
    clusters may develop near the front and pose a threat of localized
    severe gusts. Given the expected widespread coverage of storms
    within a favorable thermodynamic environment (with steep prefrontal
    low-level lapse rates and large PW) for strong to severe gusts, the
    Slight Risk has been extended into parts of the central Plains.

    Effective shear will be stronger to the cool side of the front, due
    to the presence of low-level east/northeasterlies beneath southwest
    flow aloft. Coverage and intensity of post-frontal convection
    remains somewhat uncertain, but isolated hail and strong to severe
    gusts will be possible.

    Guidance still varies somewhat regarding destabilization into parts
    of the CO Front Range. Favorably veering wind profiles could support
    isolated strong storms in this area if sufficient destabilization
    can occur.

    ...Northern New England...
    Strong instability will develop Monday afternoon across parts of the
    Northeast and Mid Atlantic, though the influence of the upper ridge
    will tend to suppress storm development across much of the region. A
    warm advection regime will develop over northern New England, as
    warmer low-level temperatures spread eastward. Storm development
    cannot be ruled out within this regime, though most guidance
    suggests warm temperatures aloft may tend to suppress convection.
    Some guidance suggests convection may approach northern ME from
    Quebec within a destabilizing environment. A conditional Marginal
    Risk for damaging gusts has been added for this potential threat.

    ..Dean.. 06/22/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jun 22 17:17:09 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 221717
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 221715

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1215 PM CDT Sun Jun 22 2025

    Valid 231200Z - 241200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS NORTHEASTWARD TOWARD THE UPPER GREAT LAKES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to potentially severe storms are possible Monday from parts
    of the Great Lakes into the central Plains.

    ...Synopsis...
    A prominent upper high will be centered over the Appalachians,
    providing hot conditions over much of the eastern CONUS. Early in
    the day, a shortwave trough will exit the far northern Plains,
    ejecting across Ontario. Meanwhile, a shortwave trough will move
    from parts of CA into the Great Basin, within a broader upper
    trough.

    At the surface, High pressure will exist over much of the East
    beneath the upper ridge, though weak troughing will occur during the
    day over the Mid Atlantic. Another area of high pressure behind the
    northern Plains wave will push east into the upper MS Valley, with a
    cold front roughly from central WI into western KS by 00Z. A very
    moist air mass will exist east of this cold front, and, over much of
    the East. Strong to severe storms are most likely along the Plains
    front, although scattered storms will also be likely over the TN
    Valley and Mid South, though with less severe potential. Finally,
    isolated storms may occur over parts of the Appalachians beneath the
    upper High.

    ...Central Plains into the upper Great Lakes...
    Strong heating will occur ahead of the cold front, where dewpoints
    will range from the upper 60s F to lower 70s F. This region will
    also be within a plume of midlevel moisture spreading northward west
    of the upper ridge. As such, the high PW air mass along with surface convergence near the front should easily support afternoon storms,
    most likely from WI southwestward to perhaps the OK/TX Panhandles by
    00Z.

    Deep-layer shear and mean winds in general will not be very strong
    along the frontal zone, but perhaps a bit stronger over northern
    areas as the upper wave glances the area. The end result should be
    an elongated area of afternoon storms. Some of these storms may
    briefly contain marginal hail due to moderate instability and modest
    midlevel lapse rates, but storms will likely merge quickly over most
    of the area with strong to locally damaging gusts.

    ..Jewell.. 06/22/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jun 23 06:02:57 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 230602
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 230600

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Mon Jun 23 2025

    Valid 241200Z - 251200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR EASTERN
    WY...NORTHEAST CO...AND PARTS OF WESTERN NE/SD...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storms are possible Tuesday from eastern Wyoming into
    southwest South Dakota, the Nebraska Panhandle, and northeast
    Colorado. Isolated strong to severe storms will also be possible
    from parts of the central Plains and Midwest into the Northeast.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid/upper-level shortwave trough is forecast to move from the
    Southwest into the northern Rockies on Tuesday. Downstream, a strong mid/upper-level trough will move across parts of Ontario and Quebec,
    resulting in some dampening of the persistent upper ridge over the
    East.

    At the surface, a warm front will move northward across parts of the
    central Plains, while the eastern portion of the front will be
    draped somewhere from the Midwest into the southern Great Lakes
    vicinity. A cold front will move southward across parts of the
    northern Great Lakes and Northeast/New England.

    ...WY/CO into western NE/SD...
    Increasing low-level moisture beneath generally steep midlevel lapse
    rates will support moderate destabilization across parts of eastern
    WY into northeast CO. Veering wind profiles will support organized
    storms, and isolated to widely scattered supercells may develop from
    late afternoon into the evening. Large to very large hail, localized
    severe gusts, and perhaps a tornado are all possible. Some upscale
    growth will be possible through the evening, which could spread at
    least an isolated severe threat into parts of western NE/SD. The
    longevity of the severe threat into Tuesday night is uncertain, due
    to increasing low-level stability.

    ...Lower MO River Valley into the Midwest and Great Lakes...
    In the wake of morning convection, strong heating/destabilization
    will support development of strong to potentially severe storms from
    parts of eastern KS/southeast NE into the Midwest and Great Lakes,
    along the periphery of the upper ridge. Development will likely be
    focused near an outflow-influenced front, and potentially near any
    remnant MCVs. Deep-layer shear is expected to be relatively weak
    along/ahead of the front, but unidirectional southwesterly flow will
    support potential for outflow-driven clusters capable of locally
    damaging wind.

    Corridors of greater severe threat may eventually evolve within the
    broad Marginal Risk across this region, but confidence in the
    placement of the front and any MCVs or other vorticity maxima
    precludes higher probabilities at this time.

    ...Parts of the Northeast/New England...
    Midlevel lapse rates will be weak, but relatively strong heating
    will support moderate buoyancy by afternoon across parts of the
    Northeast, along and ahead of the cold front. Stronger ascent and
    deep-layer flow will remain north of the front, but sufficient flow
    and steepening of low-level lapse rates will support a threat of
    damaging gusts with any strong storms across the region. Storm
    coverage is uncertain, but greater severe probabilities may
    eventually be needed if trends support more than isolated storm
    development during the afternoon and evening.

    ...Southeast into the Carolinas and Mid Atlantic...
    A remnant EML will gradually move southwestward along the periphery
    of the upper ridge across parts of the Carolinas, Mid Atlantic, and
    Southeast on Tuesday. While this will support strong buoyancy, there
    is a considerable amount of spread regarding storm coverage across
    this region Tuesday. At this time, the highest confidence in storm
    development is over the southern Appalachians, where deep-layer
    shear will be negligible underneath the upper ridge. If confidence
    in storm coverage increases where slightly stronger flow aloft will
    be present, severe probabilities may eventually be needed.

    ..Dean.. 06/23/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jun 23 17:27:06 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 231726
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 231725

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1225 PM CDT Mon Jun 23 2025

    Valid 241200Z - 251200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storms are possible Tuesday from eastern Wyoming into
    southwest South Dakota, the Nebraska Panhandle, and northeast
    Colorado. Isolated strong to severe storms will also be possible
    from parts of the central Plains and Midwest into the Northeast.

    ...Synopsis...
    The large-scale pattern across the CONUS on Tuesday will feature a
    strong ridge across the eastern CONUS and a deamplifying trough
    across the western CONUS. In between these features, a mid-level
    shortwave trough will traverse the central Rockies and be the
    primary focus for severe weather concern Tuesday afternoon/evening.

    At the surface, an elongated front will extend from the Northeast to
    the central Plains. This front will move southeast into parts of New
    England during the period, remain mostly stationary across the Great Lakes/Midwest, and start to move north as a warm front across the
    Plains as weak lee troughing occurs across eastern Colorado/Wyoming
    in response to the passing mid-level shortwave trough.

    ...Central High Plains...
    Weak to moderate destabilization is expected across the central High
    Plains on Tuesday afternoon/evening as temperatures warm into the
    upper 70s to low 80s with dewpoints in the low 60s. Inhibition
    should be mostly eroded by early afternoon with scattered to
    widespread thunderstorm development expected. The extensive nature
    of the convection, combined with only marginal shear (25 to 30
    knots) may result in a somewhat messy storm mode. However, early in
    the storm lifecycle, steep mid-level lapse rates and moderate
    instability may support some 2+ inch hail. As storms congeal, one or
    more forward-propagating clusters may develop with a threat for
    severe wind gusts.

    ...Iowa/northern Missouri into the Great Lakes...
    Moderate destabilization and weak shear will be present along the
    mostly stalled frontal zone during the afternoon and evening on
    Tuesday. Very warm temperatures aloft (-4C at 500mb) will be the
    primary limiting factor to a greater severe weather threat. However,
    enhanced forcing/flow in the vicinity of one or more MCVs (likely
    remaining from Day 1 convection) may provide focus for some strong
    to locally severe storms.

    ...Northeast...
    Temperatures are expected to warm into the upper 80s to near 90 with
    dewpoints in the low 70s across the Northeast on Tuesday
    afternoon/evening. Steep low-level lapse rates and moderately steep
    mid-level lapse rates should provide a thermodynamic environment
    favorable for strong updrafts. Shear should be mostly weak with less
    than 30 knots of tropospheric unidirectional flow. However, the
    moderate to strong instability and forcing along the front may be
    sufficient for a few stronger storms/clusters capable of damaging
    wind gusts.

    ...Carolinas vicinity...
    Some guidance suggests the potential for stronger storms across the
    Carolinas with relatively cooler mid level temperatures along the
    eastern periphery of the mid-level ridge. Southwestward moving
    storms within this pattern would be a climatologically rare
    phenomenon. While a few stronger storms are possible, warm
    temperatures around 750mb may limit storm coverage with convective
    temperatures around 100F based on RAP forecast soundings. The
    guidance with greater storm coverage has forecast dewpoints in the
    mid 70s and not as strong of a warm nose below 700mb. If this
    solution appears more likely, a marginal may eventually be needed,
    but this scenario appears too unlikely for probabilities at this
    time.

    ..Bentley.. 06/23/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jun 24 06:06:49 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 240606
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 240605

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0105 AM CDT Tue Jun 24 2025

    Valid 251200Z - 261200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE CAROLINAS
    INTO PARTS OF THE FLORIDA PANHANDLE...SOUTHERN ALABAMA AND
    GEORGIA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe wind gusts are possible over much of the Southeast, with
    widely scattered strong to severe storms possible from the northern
    High Plains eastward toward the Mid Atlantic.

    ...Synopsis...
    A positive-tilt shortwave trough will weaken on Wednesday as it
    lifts out of the Great Basin and across the northern Plains.
    Meanwhile, an upper high over the OH/TN Valleys will also weaken.
    Areas of 30 kt midlevel winds will remain over parts of the northern
    Plains and Great Lakes around the northern periphery of the upper
    ridge, aiding movement of storms clusters throughout the period.

    At the surface, high pressure over Ontario and Quebec will result in
    cool/dry trajectories across the Great Lakes, with a boundary
    roughly from a low over NE eastward toward southern Lower MI and
    continuing into southern New England. A very moist air mass will
    remain south of this front, with 2000 J/kg MUCAPE common.

    South of the upper high, a low-latitude upper low is forecast to
    move across FL, with -10 C at 500 mb over FL, AL, GA and SC. This
    will boost instability further, exceeding 3000 J/kg in those areas
    with steepened midlevel lapse rates.

    ...Southeast...
    Strong instability will develop during the afternoon over much of
    the region, with 2000-3000 J/kg MLCAPE common. Of note will be
    midlevel lapse rates greater than 7.0 C/km, suggesting robust
    convection is likely. Storms are expected to form around 21Z over
    the high terrain, and within a surface trough during peak heating
    over the central Carolinas. Slow moving at first, storms will form
    into clusters, with erratic motions possible. However, a general
    southerly trends is expected. The high PWAT content, steep lapse
    rates, and favorable time of day all suggest areas of damaging
    microbursts will develop. As such, the area has been upgraded to a
    Slight Risk.

    Scattered storms are expected farther south into GA, AL, and the FL
    Panhandle as well, within a southwest extension of the surface
    trough, and, possibly with the sea breeze. Forecast soundings in
    this region similarly show very strong instability, with
    west/southwest moving storm clusters likely producing damaging wind
    gusts.

    ...Parts of the northern Plains...
    Areas of storms will be ongoing early in the day from NE eastward
    into IL/IN/OH, in a zone of warm advection around the periphery of
    the ridge. While moist and unstable, lapse rates will not be
    particularly steep aloft, but substantial moisture will continue to
    fuel bouts of storms redeveloping during the day from NE into
    SD/IA/southern MN, and some of this activity could produce marginal
    hail or wind.

    To the west, cells will develop during the late afternoon from over
    the northern to central High Plains, with hail potential as
    temperatures aloft will remain cool.

    ..Jewell.. 06/24/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jun 24 17:27:13 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 241726
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 241725

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1225 PM CDT Tue Jun 24 2025

    Valid 251200Z - 261200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE CAROLINAS
    TO THE SOUTHEAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe wind gusts are possible over much of the Southeast, with
    widely scattered strong to severe storms possible from the northern
    High Plains eastward toward the Mid Atlantic.

    ...Synopsis...
    The CONUS pattern will feature a trough across the western CONUS and
    a strong ridge across the eastern CONUS Wednesday morning. This
    pattern will deamplify during the period. A strong mid-level jet
    streak will extend from northern Ontario to the Northeast with a
    weak upper-low over Florida. A mid-level shortwave trough will move
    from the central Plains to the western Great Lakes Wednesday
    afternoon/evening.

    ...Central/northern High Plains...
    A weak lee trough will extend from southeast Montana to northeast
    Colorado. Weak to moderate instability will develop along this zone
    during the afternoon and evening. Shear will be modest (25-30 knots)
    with a few multicell clusters possible. Isolated large hail and
    isolated severe wind gusts will be the primary hazards.

    ...Midwest into the western Great Lakes...
    Moderate to strong instability is expected to develop south of a
    warm front across the Midwest. A belt of 50+ knot mid-level flow is
    forecast to overspread the warm sector and provide sufficient shear
    for storm organization. In addition, some stronger low-level shear
    will develop as a low-level jet strengthens during the
    afternoon/evening. The stronger/more organized storms in the area
    could have some tornado threat, particularly if any backed flow can
    develop. At this time, the threat is expected too low for higher
    severe weather probabilities.

    ...Ohio Valley into the Mid-Atlantic...
    Additional storms are likely to develop within a moderate to
    strongly unstable environment along a frontal zone from the Midwest
    to the Mid-Atlantic. Shear will be mostly weak which should limit
    the overall threat. However, strong instability and a very moist
    environment may support some threat for wet microbursts.

    ...Carolinas into the Southeast...
    Extreme instability is expected to develop from the Carolinas into
    the Southeast amid mid to upper 70s dewpoints and temperatures in
    the 90s. This extreme instability and scattered to widespread storm
    development should be sufficient for a damaging wind threat. In
    addition, stronger mid-level northeasterly flow is expected across
    the eastern Carolinas into southern Georgia. This may result in even
    greater storm organization and clustering where the stronger shear
    is present. Some large hail is possible with damaging wind gusts as
    the primary threat.

    ...Florida...
    Cool temperatures aloft and moderate to potentially strong
    instability is expected to develop across the Florida Panhandle on
    Wednesday. Shear is forecast around 20 to 25 knots which may result
    in a few multicell clusters capable of damaging wind gusts. The
    greater threat should be mostly focused on the west coast where the
    sea-breeze convergence is stronger and shear is slightly greater
    amid westerly low-level flow.

    ..Bentley.. 06/24/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jun 25 05:29:25 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 250529
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 250527

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1227 AM CDT Wed Jun 25 2025

    Valid 261200Z - 271200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER MUCH OF THE SOUTHEAST...AND FROM THE CENTRAL PLAINS INTO THE UPPER GREAT
    LAKES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong storms are possible from the central Plains to
    Lower Michigan, over parts of the Southeast, and over parts of
    Montana on Thursday. Scattered damaging gusts appears to be the main
    concern.

    ...Synopsis...
    A weak upper low will remain over FL, with relatively cool midlevel temperatures over the Southeast, although warmer compared to the
    previous day. Otherwise, much of the east will remain beneath an
    upper ridge. Around the northern periphery of this ridge, modest
    southwest flow aloft will stretch from the central Plains into the
    Great Lakes and Northeast, with relatively warm temperatures aloft.
    To the west, a low-amplitude upper trough will push east across MT,
    steepening midlevel lapse rates.

    At the surface, an expansive area of moisture will persist from the
    central and southern Plains eastward to the Mid Atlantic, south of a
    cold front. This front will extend from KS into southern WI and
    Lower MI, and also from central NY into eastern PA.

    ...Much of the Southeast...
    Areas of thunderstorms may be ongoing early in the day over parts of
    AL, GA, and the FL Panhandle, with locally damaging gusts possible.
    Though any early convection may provide a relative stable area
    during the day, addition development is likely west through north,
    from MS into northern AL and northeastward across the Appalachians,
    VA/MD and the western Carolinas. Forecast soundings reveal a
    moderately unstable air mass. Predictability is a bit low to denote
    a Slight Risk given uncertainties with potential ongoing convection/stabilization, but portions of the region could need
    higher wind probabilities in later updates.

    ...Central Plains into the Lower Great Lakes...
    Daytime heating of a moist air mass will lead to over 2000 J/kg
    MUCAPE, with scattered to numerous storms along the boundary from
    central KS into IA, southern MN and WI. Multicellular clusters are
    expected due to little shear, but a bit stronger westerlies from IA
    into WI and lower MI could result in faster motions and perhaps a
    corridor of hail and wind. The primary concern will be locally
    damaging gusts across the entire area.

    ...Northeast MT...
    Steep deep-layer lapse rates will develop due to daytime heating as
    the upper trough nears, with cooling temperatures aloft. Storms are
    likely from west-central MT into eastern MT during the day, with the
    strongest instability near the weak surface trough across eastern
    MT. Deep mixed layers and modest westerly flow suggest a few storms
    may produce strong outflow, or small hail during the late afternoon
    and evening, perhaps as far east as western ND.

    ..Jewell.. 06/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jun 25 17:28:34 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 251728
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 251726

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1226 PM CDT Wed Jun 25 2025

    Valid 261200Z - 271200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PARTS OF
    THE SOUTHERN PLAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES...FROM THE MID-ATLANTIC TO
    THE SOUTHEAST...AND INTO FLORIDA...AND ACROSS NORTHERN MONTANA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong storms are possible from the central Plains to
    Lower Michigan, over parts of the Southeast, and over parts of
    Montana on Thursday. Scattered damaging gusts appears to be the main
    concern.

    ...Synopsis...
    A weak upper low will remain over Florida tomorrow, with relatively
    cool midlevel temperatures over the Southeast, although warmer
    compared to today. Otherwise, much of the east will remain beneath
    an upper ridge. Around the northern periphery of this ridge, modest
    southwest flow aloft will stretch from the central Plains into the
    Great Lakes and Northeast, with relatively warm temperatures aloft.
    To the west, a low-amplitude upper trough will push east across
    Montana.

    At the surface, an expansive area of moisture will persist from the
    central and southern Plains eastward to the Mid Atlantic, south of a
    cold front. This front will extend from KS into southern WI and
    Lower MI, and also from central NY into eastern PA.

    ...Mid Atlantic to the Southeast...
    A broad area of moderate to strong instability is forecast from the Mid-Atlantic to the Southeast on Thursday. Shear is expected to be
    very weak through the period, but moderate to strong instability and
    relatively steep mid-level lapse rates beneath the upper low will
    provide a thermodynamic environment favorable for some damaging wind
    gusts. More focused areas of strong to severe storms may exist near
    outflow boundaries from D1/Wednesday convection.

    ...Central/Southern Plains to the Great Lakes...
    Moderate to strong instability is forecast to develop along a
    frontal zone from Kansas to Wisconsin on Thursday afternoon/evening.
    Shear is expected to remain weak (20 to 25 knots), but strong
    instability will support the threat for some damaging wind gusts.
    Farther south, across western Oklahoma, shear will be very weak, but
    moderate instability and deep mixing (to around 600mb) will support
    some threat for downbursts and isolated wind gusts.

    ...Montana...
    Moderate mid-level flow is expected to overspread northern Montana
    on Thursday where a deeply mixed boundary layer (deeper than 3km) is
    forecast. While instability should be limited by meager moisture, it
    should be sufficient for a few storms. Moderate shear (25 to 30
    knots) and a deeply mixed boundary layer will support a threat for
    some severe wind gusts Thursday afternoon/evening.

    ..Bentley.. 06/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jun 25 17:41:01 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 251740
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 251739

    Day 2 Convective Outlook CORR 1
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1239 PM CDT Wed Jun 25 2025

    Valid 261200Z - 271200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PARTS OF
    THE SOUTHERN PLAINS TO THE GREAT LAKES...FROM THE MID-ATLANTIC TO
    THE SOUTHEAST...AND INTO FLORIDA...AND ACROSS NORTHERN MONTANA...

    CORRECTED FOR INCORRECT GRAPHIC

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong storms are possible from the central Plains to
    Lower Michigan, over parts of the Southeast, and over parts of
    Montana on Thursday. Scattered damaging gusts appears to be the main
    concern.

    ...Synopsis...
    A weak upper low will remain over Florida tomorrow, with relatively
    cool midlevel temperatures over the Southeast, although warmer
    compared to today. Otherwise, much of the east will remain beneath
    an upper ridge. Around the northern periphery of this ridge, modest
    southwest flow aloft will stretch from the central Plains into the
    Great Lakes and Northeast, with relatively warm temperatures aloft.
    To the west, a low-amplitude upper trough will push east across
    Montana.

    At the surface, an expansive area of moisture will persist from the
    central and southern Plains eastward to the Mid Atlantic, south of a
    cold front. This front will extend from KS into southern WI and
    Lower MI, and also from central NY into eastern PA.

    ...Mid Atlantic to the Southeast...
    A broad area of moderate to strong instability is forecast from the Mid-Atlantic to the Southeast on Thursday. Shear is expected to be
    very weak through the period, but moderate to strong instability and
    relatively steep mid-level lapse rates beneath the upper low will
    provide a thermodynamic environment favorable for some damaging wind
    gusts. More focused areas of strong to severe storms may exist near
    outflow boundaries from D1/Wednesday convection.

    ...Central/Southern Plains to the Great Lakes...
    Moderate to strong instability is forecast to develop along a
    frontal zone from Kansas to Wisconsin on Thursday afternoon/evening.
    Shear is expected to remain weak (20 to 25 knots), but strong
    instability will support the threat for some damaging wind gusts.
    Farther south, across western Oklahoma, shear will be very weak, but
    moderate instability and deep mixing (to around 600mb) will support
    some threat for downbursts and isolated wind gusts.

    ...Montana...
    Moderate mid-level flow is expected to overspread northern Montana
    on Thursday where a deeply mixed boundary layer (deeper than 3km) is
    forecast. While instability should be limited by meager moisture, it
    should be sufficient for a few storms. Moderate shear (25 to 30
    knots) and a deeply mixed boundary layer will support a threat for
    some severe wind gusts Thursday afternoon/evening.

    ..Bentley.. 06/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jun 26 05:33:40 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 260532
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 260530

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 AM CDT Thu Jun 26 2025

    Valid 271200Z - 281200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER THE NORTHERN
    PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storms producing large hail and locally damaging winds are
    forecast over parts of the northern Plains Friday afternoon and
    evening. Sporadic damaging gusts may also occur over parts of the
    Mid Atlantic and Southeast.

    ...Synopsis...
    A low amplitude trough will move across the northern Rockies and
    into the northern Plains on Friday, with 40+ kt 500 mb winds into
    the Dakotas. As this occurs, a surface trough will develop over the
    western Dakotas, providing a focus for thunderstorms during the day.
    To the east, a weaker wave will move from lower MI into the lower
    Great Lakes, with a surface low enhancing convergence/lift. The air
    mass will remain moist and unstable over much of the central and
    eastern CONUS, supporting scattered storms over much of the area.
    The strongest instability is expected over the northern Plains in
    advance of the upper system. Otherwise, a weak upper low will remain
    over GA/FL providing cool midlevel temperatures and aiding daytime
    storm development.

    ...Northern Plains...
    Strong heating will lead to an uncapped air mass within the surface
    trough, with scattered areas of storms developing from northeast CO
    into western NE and from the western into the central Dakotas.
    Supercells are most likely across the Dakotas beneath the stronger
    flow aloft, with the strongest cells producing very large hail and
    perhaps a brief tornado. Farther south across NE, CO and KS, deep
    mixed layers should favor strong outflow and localized wind damage.
    Storms may increase again during the evening over eastern ND and
    northern MN with increasing southwest flow at 850 mb late.

    ...Southeast and Mid Atlantic...
    A weak surface trough will develop from VA across the Carolinas and
    into GA with strong heating. A moist and unstable air mass will
    again favor areas of thunderstorms beneath the upper ridge. Lapse
    rates aloft and therefore total instability will not be as strong as
    previous days, but widely scattered strong to damaging gusts may
    still occur during the afternoon across the entire region.

    ..Jewell.. 06/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jun 26 17:28:16 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 261728
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 261726

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1226 PM CDT Thu Jun 26 2025

    Valid 271200Z - 281200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS LATE FRIDAY INTO
    FRIDAY NIGHT ACROSS MUCH OF NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA INTO PARTS OF
    WESTERN MINNESOTA AND NORTH CENTRAL NEBRASKA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong thunderstorms, and perhaps one or two small
    organizing clusters, may impact parts of the northern Great Plains
    late Friday afternoon into Friday night, accompanied by a risk for
    severe hail and wind.

    ...Discussion...
    Although a mid to upper low is likely to linger across parts of the
    Southeast, perhaps migrating slowly northward across the northern
    Florida into Georgia vicinity, modest subtropical ridging at
    mid-levels will generally prevail across much of the central and
    southern tier of the U.S. through this period. Models indicate that
    modest mid-level westerlies will remain confined to the northern
    tier, with one embedded short wave trough forecast to slowly
    progress across the Great Lakes region. A couple of, perhaps, more
    subtle perturbations within a broader cyclonic regime are forecast
    to progress east-northeastward near and north of the Montana/North
    Dakota international border vicinity.

    In lower levels, a surface cold front, in the wake of a digging
    short wave trough well offshore of the northern Atlantic coast, may
    make further southward progress through portions of the northern Mid
    Atlantic states, before retreating northeastward late Friday through
    Friday night. Upstream, another cold front, likely into the upper
    Great Lakes vicinity and through much of the northern Great Plains
    by 12Z Friday, is forecast to continue to advance eastward across
    the Great Lakes through the remainder of the period, while the cool
    air gradually modifies from west to east across the Dakotas. In
    between and south of these boundaries, seasonably moist conditions,
    including upper 60s to 70+ F dew points, appear likely to persist
    across most areas east of the high plains.

    ...Northern Great Plains...
    Models indicate that low-level warming and moistening across the
    western into central Dakotas may contribute to strong potential
    instability by Friday afternoon, beneath warm elevated mixed-layer
    air advecting east of the northern Rockies, ahead of the broad
    approaching upstream mid-level troughing. This destabilization will
    become focused east of the modestly deep lee surface trough axis,
    along a developing warm frontal zone aided by strengthening
    differential surface heating.

    The northern periphery of the warmer and more strongly capping
    elevated mixed-layer air is forecast to nose across western through
    central South Dakota by early Friday evening.
    Lower/mid-tropospheric warm advection on the edge of this air mass
    may provide the focus for an upscale growing cluster of storms
    across north central South Dakota, or perhaps south central North
    Dakota, aided by a modestly strengthening low-level jet Friday
    evening. This would likely tend to propagate east-southeastward
    overnight, beneath strengthening westerly mid/upper flow (including
    30-40+ kt at 500 mb).

    Otherwise, widely scattered strong to severe thunderstorms,
    including a couple of supercells, may initiate near/east of the lee
    trough during the late afternoon into evening across the western
    Dakotas, and perhaps parts of north central Nebraska into
    northeastern Colorado, though this is a bit more uncertain due to
    potentially stronger mid-level inhibition.

    ...Lower Great Lakes Vicinity...
    Latest model output indicates that strengthening thunderstorm
    development is possible in a narrow pre-frontal corridor across
    parts of southwestern Ontario and southeastern Lower Michigan into
    northwestern Indiana and northwestern Ohio, near or after 28/00Z.
    Although this is after peak diurnal heating, moderately large
    residual CAPE, in the presence of southwesterly deep-layer mean flow strengthening to 20-30 kt, might become supportive of convection
    capable of producing a few locally strong to severe wind gusts,
    before storms weaken late Friday evening.

    ...Appalachians into Southeast...
    In the presence of relatively weak mid-level inhibition, forcing for
    ascent aided by orography and inland advancing sea breezes may
    support considerable diurnal thunderstorm development, as insolation
    within a seasonably moist boundary-layer contributes to moderate
    potential instability. Stronger convection will probably pose a
    risk for locally damaging downbursts, before activity weakens early
    Friday evening.

    ..Kerr.. 06/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jun 27 05:38:46 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 270534
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 270533

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1233 AM CDT Fri Jun 27 2025

    Valid 281200Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS OF
    THE NORTHERN PLAINS INTO THE UPPER MIDWEST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms will pose a risk for severe
    wind gusts and isolated large hail across parts of the northern
    Plains into the Upper Midwest Saturday afternoon into Saturday
    Night.

    ...Synopsis...
    A broad trough and stronger mid-level flow will overspread the
    northern Plains and Upper Midwest on Saturday. Weak ridging is
    expected across the Great Lakes with a weak shortwave trough
    traversing the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. At the surface, a very
    moist airmass will be in place across much of the central and
    eastern CONUS. A weak surface low will be present across the
    northern Plains with an additional surface low across southern
    Quebec. A front will connect these 2 low-pressure centers through
    the southern Great Lakes region.

    ...Northern Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Elevated thunderstorms will likely be ongoing at the beginning of
    the period across northern Minnesota at the nose of a low-level jet.
    In the wake of and southwest of this convection, moderate to strong
    instability is forecast to develop amid temperatures in the mid to
    upper 80s and dewpoints in the 70s. Weak height falls are forecast
    across the northern Plains on Saturday afternoon/evening. Isolated
    to scattered thunderstorms are likely, potentially focused on
    outflow from morning convection. Shear should be sufficient for
    supercells with any storms across North Dakota and northern
    Minnesota with weaker shear and perhaps more multicell storm mode
    across the eastern South Dakota and southern Minnesota vicinity.
    Severe wind gusts and isolated large hail will be the primary
    threat. The greatest large hail threat will be from northeast South
    Dakota to central Minnesota where the strongest overlap of shear and instability may result in a favorable zone for supercells.

    ...Mid Atlantic into the Northeast...
    Upper 60s to low 70s dewpoints are forecast from the Mid-Atlantic to
    the Northeast on Friday. Strong heating should result in moderate to potentially strong instability east of the Appalachians. Shear will
    be relatively weak across the Mid-Atlantic on Saturday with only
    weakly organized storm expected. Strong instability and scattered
    storm coverage will result in a threat for damaging wind gusts.
    Farther north, from eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey into eastern
    New York, strong shear is forecast, but instability will not be as
    great. Therefore, a few more organized storms are possible, but
    weaker heating/low-level lapse rates will likely be a limiting
    factor to a greater severe weather threat.

    ..Bentley.. 06/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jun 27 17:19:53 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 271719
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 271718

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1218 PM CDT Fri Jun 27 2025

    Valid 281200Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS SATURDAY INTO
    SATURDAY NIGHT ACROSS CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN MINNESOTA...WEST CENTRAL WISCONSIN...MUCH OF SOUTH DAKOTA AND ADJACENT PORTIONS OF NORTHERN
    NEBRASKA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms, perhaps including one or
    two organizing clusters, will pose a risk for severe hail, wind and
    perhaps a couple of tornadoes across parts of the middle Missouri
    Valley into Upper Midwest Saturday afternoon into Saturday night.

    ...Discussion...
    Models indicate that the stronger westerlies will remain confined to
    the northern mid-latitudes. There may be some amplification in the
    flow across the northeastern Pacific into British Columbia and the
    Pacific Northwest by the end of the period. However, a zonal regime
    is likely to generally persist near the Canadian/U.S. border, along
    the northern periphery of modest mid-level ridging encompassing the
    subtropics through much of the southern mid-latitudes of the U.S.

    One embedded short wave trough is still forecast to progress east of
    the lower Great Lakes vicinity, through the St. Lawrence Valley and
    northern New England, Saturday through Saturday night. Models
    indicate that this will be accompanied by an initially modest, but
    weakening, surface cyclone, with a trailing intrusion of cooler,
    drier boundary-layer air spreading southeast of the lower Great
    Lakes region toward northern Mid Atlantic coastal areas, while
    relatively cool/dry air associated with a prior intrusion is slow to
    lose influence across northern New England.

    Upstream, low-amplitude larger-scale mid-level troughing is forecast
    to progress eastward along the central Canadian/U.S. border
    vicinity, with at least a couple of embedded shorter-wavelength
    perturbations. One notable convectively generated or augmented
    perturbation may be overspreading portions of north central
    Minnesota into northern Wisconsin at the outset of the period, near
    the southern leading edge of this regime. The convectively
    reinforced trailing flank of the Great Lakes cold front may be slow
    to modify/retreat eastward across the Upper Midwest, as another
    upstream cold front advances south of the international border.

    ...Upper Midwest into northern Great Plains...
    There appears a better consensus within model output that a
    low-level baroclinic zone, generated or reinforced by convective
    outflow, may be initially stalled across the west central through
    southeastern Minnesota vicinity, in the wake of a dissipating
    cluster of storms. Thereafter, it may slowly retreat
    northeastward/eastward through the day, while also becoming a focus
    for strengthening differential heating.

    There remains at least some spread among the latest model output
    concerning the warmth of temperatures around 700 mb, near the northern/northeastern periphery of a plume of elevated mixed-layer
    air, which may continue to increase mid-level inhibition across
    South Dakota through southern Minnesota, before gradually becoming
    suppressed southward by late Saturday night. However, a belt of
    convectively augmented (30-50 Kt) southwesterly to westerly flow in
    the 850-500 mb layer is forecast to slowly overspread the low-level
    baroclinic zone through and beyond peak diurnal destabilization.

    Supported by surface dew points around or above 70 F, moderate to
    large mixed-layer CAPE appears likely to develop, coincident with a
    corridor of strong shear, including sizable clockwise curved
    low-level hodographs along the boundary. If forcing for ascent and
    heating, beneath broadly difluent mid/upper flow overspreading the
    Upper Midwest, is able to overcome inhibition, supercells posing a
    risk for severe hail and a couple of tornadoes appear possible
    across parts of central Minnesota, before perhaps growing upscale
    into an organizing cluster while propagating into west central
    Wisconsin by late Saturday evening.

    Upstream, potential convective developments remain more unclear.
    However, there appears a general signal within the model output that convection, emerging from the more deeply mixed environment across
    the high plains, could intensify while acquiring more moist and
    potentially unstable updraft inflow, along/north of a remnant
    outflow boundary or front across southern South Dakota or far
    northern Nebraska Saturday evening. Generally becoming focused
    along the periphery of the increasingly suppressed, more strongly
    capping elevated mixed-layer air, thermodynamic profiles
    characterized by steep lapse rates and large CAPE may become
    supportive of an organizing convective system, aided by forcing for
    ascent associated with warm advection.

    ...Northern Mid Atlantic into Champlain Valley vicinity...
    There remain mixed signals within the model output, including
    convection allowing guidance, concerning the extent of the
    convective potential within deepening pre-frontal surface troughing
    across the region by Saturday afternoon. The more substantive
    destabilization may remain focused across the northern Mid Atlantic,
    to the south of the better deep-layer shear. However, it still
    appears that the environment will probably become conducive to at
    least widely scattered vigorous storms accompanied by a risk for
    potentially damaging wind gusts.

    ..Kerr.. 06/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jun 27 17:49:50 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 271749
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 271748

    Day 2 Convective Outlook CORR 1
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1248 PM CDT Fri Jun 27 2025

    Valid 281200Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS SATURDAY INTO
    SATURDAY NIGHT ACROSS CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN MINNESOTA...WEST CENTRAL WISCONSIN...MUCH OF SOUTH DAKOTA AND ADJACENT PORTIONS OF NORTHERN
    NEBRASKA...

    CORRECTED FOR NDFD THUNDER GRID

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms, perhaps including one or
    two organizing clusters, will pose a risk for severe hail, wind and
    perhaps a couple of tornadoes across parts of the middle Missouri
    Valley into Upper Midwest Saturday afternoon into Saturday night.

    ...Discussion...
    Models indicate that the stronger westerlies will remain confined to
    the northern mid-latitudes. There may be some amplification in the
    flow across the northeastern Pacific into British Columbia and the
    Pacific Northwest by the end of the period. However, a zonal regime
    is likely to generally persist near the Canadian/U.S. border, along
    the northern periphery of modest mid-level ridging encompassing the
    subtropics through much of the southern mid-latitudes of the U.S.

    One embedded short wave trough is still forecast to progress east of
    the lower Great Lakes vicinity, through the St. Lawrence Valley and
    northern New England, Saturday through Saturday night. Models
    indicate that this will be accompanied by an initially modest, but
    weakening, surface cyclone, with a trailing intrusion of cooler,
    drier boundary-layer air spreading southeast of the lower Great
    Lakes region toward northern Mid Atlantic coastal areas, while
    relatively cool/dry air associated with a prior intrusion is slow to
    lose influence across northern New England.

    Upstream, low-amplitude larger-scale mid-level troughing is forecast
    to progress eastward along the central Canadian/U.S. border
    vicinity, with at least a couple of embedded shorter-wavelength
    perturbations. One notable convectively generated or augmented
    perturbation may be overspreading portions of north central
    Minnesota into northern Wisconsin at the outset of the period, near
    the southern leading edge of this regime. The convectively
    reinforced trailing flank of the Great Lakes cold front may be slow
    to modify/retreat eastward across the Upper Midwest, as another
    upstream cold front advances south of the international border.

    ...Upper Midwest into northern Great Plains...
    There appears a better consensus within model output that a
    low-level baroclinic zone, generated or reinforced by convective
    outflow, may be initially stalled across the west central through
    southeastern Minnesota vicinity, in the wake of a dissipating
    cluster of storms. Thereafter, it may slowly retreat
    northeastward/eastward through the day, while also becoming a focus
    for strengthening differential heating.

    There remains at least some spread among the latest model output
    concerning the warmth of temperatures around 700 mb, near the northern/northeastern periphery of a plume of elevated mixed-layer
    air, which may continue to increase mid-level inhibition across
    South Dakota through southern Minnesota, before gradually becoming
    suppressed southward by late Saturday night. However, a belt of
    convectively augmented (30-50 Kt) southwesterly to westerly flow in
    the 850-500 mb layer is forecast to slowly overspread the low-level
    baroclinic zone through and beyond peak diurnal destabilization.

    Supported by surface dew points around or above 70 F, moderate to
    large mixed-layer CAPE appears likely to develop, coincident with a
    corridor of strong shear, including sizable clockwise curved
    low-level hodographs along the boundary. If forcing for ascent and
    heating, beneath broadly difluent mid/upper flow overspreading the
    Upper Midwest, is able to overcome inhibition, supercells posing a
    risk for severe hail and a couple of tornadoes appear possible
    across parts of central Minnesota, before perhaps growing upscale
    into an organizing cluster while propagating into west central
    Wisconsin by late Saturday evening.

    Upstream, potential convective developments remain more unclear.
    However, there appears a general signal within the model output that convection, emerging from the more deeply mixed environment across
    the high plains, could intensify while acquiring more moist and
    potentially unstable updraft inflow, along/north of a remnant
    outflow boundary or front across southern South Dakota or far
    northern Nebraska Saturday evening. Generally becoming focused
    along the periphery of the increasingly suppressed, more strongly
    capping elevated mixed-layer air, thermodynamic profiles
    characterized by steep lapse rates and large CAPE may become
    supportive of an organizing convective system, aided by forcing for
    ascent associated with warm advection.

    ...Northern Mid Atlantic into Champlain Valley vicinity...
    There remain mixed signals within the model output, including
    convection allowing guidance, concerning the extent of the
    convective potential within deepening pre-frontal surface troughing
    across the region by Saturday afternoon. The more substantive
    destabilization may remain focused across the northern Mid Atlantic,
    to the south of the better deep-layer shear. However, it still
    appears that the environment will probably become conducive to at
    least widely scattered vigorous storms accompanied by a risk for
    potentially damaging wind gusts.

    ..Kerr.. 06/27/2025

    $$

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